頁二第張六第日六十月四閏年戌壬夏 WAH KIU YAT PO
1982
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Describe Sun. Yat-sens contributions to the revolutionary movemen in late Ching China.
(a)The meaning of
contributions"
This word refers të the things that a person does inde order to help bring about (or cause) something to happen. So Sun Yat-sen did many things, and the question asks about those things that les Soy the success of the Revolution of 1911.
b)What to include
Sun Yat-sen did not take part in the 1911 Revolution, When the Revolution broke out, he was not in China, So dout say a lot. about what happened on October 10, 1911 and later in Wuhan in Central China, You are expected to describe the various thìngs
thet Sun Yat-sen did before the 1911 Revolution that. helped in the. od in
success. Otherwise the question would havé, read eather differently, like this: "Describe Sun Yat-sen's
contributions to the outbreak of the 1911 Rovelutions". and then it vill he sometiow impossible to answer the question becange. Sun Yat-sen did not take any part in the actual revolt. The following are then, main points you may
include in such an essay. But even if you Rave left out some them (in an examinas tion), there is no ciuse for vorry, Sometimes a f
of
&laboration of some of the points is better
more rewarding in S terms of marks gained) than a plain descrip»« tion of all the points.
Pund-raising to
finance revolution-
旺角工人夜校
ury activities Sun had close
connections with
the overseas
Chinese
(hua, chiian
especially in Southeast Asia and Americu. With a strong power of persuasion, Sun was able to win enthusiastic
financial support from them. Living in a foreign (often unfriendly) "
money
environment, the overseas Chinese. were often very patriotic. They contributed much
in Sun's fund-raising campaigns. The funds were in the form of "patriatic bonds' - The revolu!iquaries
promised that the money would be. repaid to the buyer after the success of the future revolution.
(2)Connections, with
foreigners” and
request for foreign
help
It had been Sun policy to win foreign sympathy for the Chinese. revolutionary. movement. He convinced rany other fellow revolutionaries of the importance of such a policy. Sun had the connections. and opportunities. to futurn to fureten governments for Help. He had many gond foreign sr
friends in Britain, America and Japan.. Through the se
foreign friemis. Sun could every now and then explain to both foreign governments and
foreigu peoples the moderation of the Chinese revolution- ary, movement, so that Sun's revolus tion would not be mistuken Tor another anti- foreign uprising like the Boxer Uprising, In
respecting foreign privileges în China the revolutionaries were able to win.
foreign neutrality. in 1911-1912,
without which the Chinese revolution would never succeed (3)Willingness to work
技術快餐
報日僑華
with lower social
classes in
revolutionary
efforts
Unlike other
intellectuals who
kept themselves apart from the lower social classes. Sun Yat- sen was willing to cooperate and work with peasants bandits and secret- society members in: the revolutionary movement. In fact, he was a member of une e of the famous. secret societies,
the Triads (359). (4)Flexible leadership Sun Yat-sen had not Tain down any absolute and unchangeable". formula of revolu- tion. Rather, he followed whatever Was suitable and necessary, as lour. as the aim remained the overthrow of the Manchu dynasty This belped.
maintain unity in the moverent. (5)Strong confidence
With repeated
failures of revolutionary attempts in the late 1900s, morale began to decline among many revolu- tionaries. Sun, however, continued to view the future istically, He
Za fellow
revolutionaries. going. And if to some people he appeared to be childish and unrealistic, be nevertheless provided a quality. so very important. for the success of
a revolution faith, ang 40)Comprehensive
ideology for the revolutionary. moverent Sun's Three Principles of the People provided.
comprehensive programs to deal. with the political social and economi problems of China. Sun was the first political leader of Modern China to cr work out systematic political theoreies to gave the country.
At the end of the
essay, make sure that you conclude it by
saying something on the overall contribu- tions of Sun Yat-sen
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to the success of the 1911 Revolution. You can argue the contrary if you have your own. reasons but the fact was that Sun Yat-sen* contributions-vere minimal. After the Wuhan uprisinga since October 1911, it was provincial declara tions of independence that put an end to the Ch*ing Dynusty, not efforts by revelation- aries like Sun Yat-se The provinces were dominated by conserva- tive centry and militarists (sometimes merchants too). These, people feared that
revolutionary disturbance would spread into their provinces, In declaring their provinces independent of central control, these people hoped to prevent revolutionary disturbance. In other words, the 1911 Revolution provided only a slight push to the collapsing dynasty, and Sun Yat-sen's contributions to the
success
the Revolution were
best indirect,
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Give reasons for China and Japan deciding tó enter the First World War, What effects did
the war have on the relations between China Cand. Japon up to 1923.7
(a)What to include in the essay - For such an essay it is important Lo select Important and relevant things to say because the question touches upon a few topics, such as the 21 Demands, the Poris Peace Conference of 1919 and the Washington Conferen
1921–22, each of which contains some points relevant to the present question, Plauning
is therefore important. Jot down. important points in case you say forget some of them. Whereas the first part of the question is more ärgumentative Cressons" for China's and Japan's entry into war), the second part is wore descriptive (the 21 Demands,
日七月六年二八九一籍公年一十七國民華中 育教
the Paris Peace
Conference
concerning Sino-
Japanese relations, and the decisions of the Washington Conference).
(b)The following are
the main points that one may include in an
essay:
Reasons for Japan entry into the First World Var in 1914
(i) The popular demand
in Japan for a stronger foreign: policy -- AL least since 1911, Japanese interests in China had been
veted by
■'s political disorder and uncooperative attitude as well as by foreign Competition i China. Many Japanese business- quen, militārists and politicians welconed a stronger. and more active foreign policy. protect their imperialist position.
1)The influence of
younger generation of Japanese political leaders
From the 1900s on
a younger. generation of political leader was becoming influential in. Japanese politics, They were less cautious and more ambitious than the zenro (old Meïji leaders). The genre cooperated with other foreig powers in jointly exploiting China, whereas these younger statesmen began to disobey the genre and were eager to see Japan strengthening her position în China alone by herself, disregarding other povers", îuterests, Also, young leaders very much wanted to
take revenge for the humiliation of the Triple In Intervention (1895) in which Germany took parte (111)The opportunities
for expansion, offered to Japan. by the European conflicts - After
the outbreak of the First World
War in 1914, the
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western powers
vere busy fighting
Ar Kurope. Thus,
new possibilities. even new temptu- tians. of expand toy Tuto China were open for the Japanese government;
(iv)Japan's allintee
with Britain - Since both Japan and Ir tain were allic, t
Japanese goverument
had a responsibi. lity to help the British after Britain had declared war zon Germany in 1914.
Reasons For China entry into thi First orld war in 1917
Encouragegent from the European Allied Loverg
e The European
Allied Powers Wanted China to declare war on Gerdany so
there.
that
be an excuse te seize the German ships in neutral Chinese ports. Begides,to
fight the war more efficiently. the Allies needed Chinese food and
Lower manpower”. Encouragement from dapun - By 1917,
apan had changed. its policy to one of encouraging China to join the First Vorld War, (iii)attitudes
favouring entry into war in China
a Intellectuals.
and politicians. like Liang Chi-ch'an. (2) expected that the Allies would win the. war, and that if China joined the Allied side, she vould be given a
seut and un independent voice at the
future peace conference. In this way, there
would ince.
better
for China to regain the. Shantung rights seized by Japan. Besides, if China
contributed to
the war-efforts, the Allies might
consider
abolishing the
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