頁二第張九第日十二月三年戌壬夏 WAH KIU YAT PO
1982
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陳勵德”
Economics (26)
K.K. Wong & L.T. Chan
MILL & DALE PRESS LTD.
A. Balance-of-Payments
A country's balance of international payments can affect the value of its currency and influence decisions of the government regarding exports, imports, and the flow of investment funds.
A country's balance -of-payments statement summarizes all inter- national transactions by government, business, and private residents during, a specified period of time, usually one year. It is a flow concept reflecting changes in accounts, similar to an income statement and a flow- of-funds statement in accounting. As an illustration, the official-reserves section of the balance of payments would summarize an annual changes in amounts of reserve assets, such as gold and covertible currencies.
The principle of balance-of-payments is based on double-entry. accounting: each transaction is represented by an increase or a decrease of units. When the total receipts are greater than the total payments, the country is described as having a favourable balance
of payments, or
payments, surplus, However, if total
payments are more than total receipts, the country will be
a
suffering a payment deficit, 1.e., au unfavourable balance of payments. Of course
country with a payment surplus will gain foreign exchange while country with payments deficit will lose foreign exchange. Current Account
The current account usually includes merchandise trade
services and
unilateral transfers. Merchandise trade includes the export and import of physical goods. On the other hand, services are often referred to as
nonmerchandise transactions or
invisibles.
Transfer payments
or unilateral
transfers represent gifts or similar
payments by domestic
residents to foreign
residents (private transfer), or vice
versa. The net of the
three accounts - merchandise trade, services, and unilateral transfer -represent the balance on current account.. Diversification
In recent years, Hong Kong exporters have faced many trade restriction problems. The European Economic Community has imposed quotas on textiles, which is the largest export.industry in Hong Kong. In addition, neigbouring countries such as South Korea, Taiwan, Singapore,
etc., are exporting tuose items that are
competitive with Hong
Kong products overseas. Thus, because of
international
restrictions
on
imported goods and
keen competition, the
Hong Kong Government
advices local industries to diversify. The ultimate aim, of: course, is to mak Hong Kong less
dependent on a few major markets and to decrease the chance of unemployment in this.
area.
General speaking, diversification can serve the following purposes:
(1)better utilization
of tue firms. production: facilities; (2)increased economy
in the existing
sales organiza..
(3)reduced dependence
of
a country.or a firm on a single market,
customer, duct
(4)higher return on
investment than could be obtained
in its present area of activity; (5)safeguarding the
future growth of the company if its present market does not permit adquate sales increases; (6)avoding strong
competition on its present market.
Here it is important to realize that diversificati ous can be brought about in different forms:-
(1)Diversification of
markets→→
diversification of markets means an increase in the number of markets served by an individual firm. When the
industries
county
solely on one market or a few. markets, then it will face probabl threats whenever the importing countries set up trade barriers, such as tariffs or quotas.
(2)Diversification of
industries--by diversifying industries, this means the provision of greater variety of industry to an area, especially one mainly dependent on a highly localised industry. Its aim is to make employ ment less dependent on a particualr industry so that serious employment will not occur if tat industry declines. As одг exports are usually labour-intensive, the increased
production cost te.g. land, labour) has made our·· domestic exports less competitive with those of Ir neighbouring countries who have. cheaper labour and land. Hence we need to develop new lines of production which requires skills, technology: design, machinery, and management.
In order to work for the continual growth and develop- ment of our exports, exporta,
報日僑華
diversifications of Industries are markets are
necessary. Besides
the industrialists themselves, the government can play
a critical role in the diversification process such as. through a relaxed Tand policy. A committee has already been set up to study the details of diversification in Hong Kong Only with the co- ordinated efforts of both the govern
ment and the
industrialists will
this process can
be carried out
gatisfactorily.
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HISTORY (26)
Philip Y.L. Woo
Mill & Dale Press Ltd. Usually in setting: questions. for an examination, the examiner always chooses questions that cover the period of the syllabus rather evenly. This is to avoid the situation where some lucky students put alF heavy emphasis on the first part of the syllabus and then in an examination find that all the exam questions are really on that part. So for the East Asiau part of the Syllabus, there are always some questions on post-1945 China or Japan. This time we are going to look at the reform measures that Americans introduced in Japan from 1945 to 1952. WHAT WAS SCAP?
Japan
unconditionally in August, 1945. Then the Americans sent troops to occupy the country, Although in theory all Allied Powers had the right to occupy Japan, it was, the USA whe assumed the greatest role. reforms to democratize Japan were carried out by Americans, General: Mac Arthur of the USA was appointed Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers (SCAP), The term "SCAP" since then
Consequently, the
referred to the highest authorities of the Allied Occupation.
D.
MOTIVES OF THE ALLIED OCCUPATION -
1. Negatively, one of the motives was to destroy Japanese militarism.
Positively, the most important motive was to create a democratic society for Japan, 80 that militarism, would not revive. DEMILITARIZATION
1. All armament of Japan. was destroyed, and all military production was stopped.
2. All the imperialist
gains (territorial) of Japan were taken away, PURGES —
1. Important military leaders who had brought about the war were purged, 1.e.
accused in court, An international tribunal was set up in Tokyo. Many war criminals, like Toja Hideki, Vas condemned to death, while others to imprisonment. There were about 200,000; people who were purged.
REPARATIONS –
1. At first, SCAP decided
that Japan had to pay for the war damages. Later, however;
tire
二期星
demand was dropped.
industrial machinery was shipped to the
All war-time
countries, which Japan had conquered and
greatly destroyed. EFFECTS OF DAT
DEMILITARIZATION, PURGES AND REPARATIONS
1.
zation
influence
and remains were cleansed. The way was opened for more democratization.
However, many Japanese officials were unpurged. This made the Japanese government conserva-
character. tive in
Purges Militarists were driven out of politics. This was essential for Japan. rebirth as a
democratic country.
Reparations - Because. the demand of
reparations was.
dropped, the Japanese economy
was not
greatly affected. EFFECTS OF THE OCCUPATION ON JAPAN
A. Clearance of previous
militarist bases of
rule
Such included armament, the
militarists themselves
and overseas imperialist possessions. B. Institutional
guarantee of overall democratic rule ——
The greatest achieve- ment of SCAP laid in the successful democratization of
Japan's political. structure. Thereafter. stable and liberal: rule could be guaranteed.
C. Promotion of
ii
democratic-mindedness
and healthy citizen- ship among the Japanese
This was done through
the increased political rights given to the people and the educational reform, Consequently, ultra- nationalism and authoritarianism were dissolved, though group living still existed (despite SCAP a intention of encouraging. individualism),
Continued prevalence of conservatism in
Japanese politics. This was because: i. the conservative
bureaucracy was not purged,
most of the
zaibatsu remained
powerful in
influence, aud SCAP decided to restore political
rights to the purged after 1947.
E. More even distribution
of wealth and incone and the rise of an independent middle- class-
The social and economic reforms succeeded in making. these phenomena possible, though the zaibatsu still.
remained powerful at the same time.
F. Contribution to quick
economic
The Japanecovery
econonty
Lay in ruins in 1945. By the early 1960s, however, Japan had recovered to such an extent that she became the third most industrialized power of the world.
G. Strengthening of
Japanese-American economic ties
Japan was an important market for American. exports. Big American companies like the
日三十月四年二八九一公年一十七國民華中育教備
General Electric had
dy
important economic
Now,
6-2x
ties with big Japanese
at
companies.~~
dỵ 6 and at dx
Many American
H. Conclusion
historians claim that the rise of post-war. democracy in Japan was exclusively due to the beneficial effects of the American Occupation. This was not necessarily the case. Without the experimentation with party rule in the 1920s, for example, SCAP's reforms would. certainly experience great difficulies in being carried out, In abort, the role played by the Occupation in bringing about
democratic Japan must
-6-2(6)--6
Equation of UT is уби.
Equation of AT is v=-6(x−6)
Solving..
6x = -6(x-6)
= 6(3)
18
the ordinate of T is 18
area of 40AT -310x18
54 area of region (MAT
-54-56-
18
region
OMA
region OMAT
附加數
(B)
18
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not be over-
S. F. Ko
MILL & DALE PRESS LTD.
1. sin48 sin30,
40k+{-1}
where k is any
When k is even say k-2n
+40=214eger
wherein
Is any integer.
2nd When k is odd,
gay k=2n+1,
40-(2n+1)T-38
(2n+1)T
the general, "solution is
2nli
2. Givens
or (2041)7 sin38a;.
3
An
sin 8--b
ain36sJainė-4sin 8
=sind(5–4sin 0)
asine (5-(-b))
sine
4b
16b
126
16b
3, Let I= √。 x2(1+x3)2 dz
Let u=14x3
when x=0, u-1 when x1,
8-1) 7
sin20sin40
dx
u-2.
du
3)
Ans-
--(cos60
−cos(-20))
=-}{ cos60-cos20)
sin20sin40 dë
-} } (cos60-cos28)16
-sine-sin
-+|[6-+4)-((-1)-|(1)}} || -(-4-3)
út A,_y=0
x(6-x)=0
xx0 or
area of region OMA
-So (6x-x2)
64)
dx
36 sq.unit's
Let M(a,b) be the mid-point of the chord PQ
Slope OM
Slope PQ
Let the equation of Po he y-MX+C
i.e.
This line meets the
circle
where
Sum
roots
oint of PQ
This is the x co
ordinate of M
abc
equation of PQ :
Let Ala,
and
area of dÐAB *tab
(21)(21)-8
hik 4
the locus of Pis given by xywł