頁四第張六第日十二月二年戌壬歷夏 WAH KIU YAT PO
1982
中學會考試題預習專欄
地理 (廿二)
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Geography: (22)
Y, Y. Lee
MILL & DALE PRESS LTD.
$3
Below is a map
showing the grazing
ground of dairy
cattle in New
Zealand.
a. Describe
the
importance and characteristics of dairy farming in New Zealand, Account for its
success.
Auckland
Hamilton
Jan. 19.4°C
36°S
A Jul 11.1°C
Wellington
Total R.F.... 1212.mm
Jan 17.3′′C Jul 89°C Total R.F
1215 mm
[n] Mean dairy farming area
A Land over 300 m
Suggested Answers:
Importance and Characteristics of Dairy Farming in New. Zealand
Dairy cattle rearing is an import- ant agricultural: activity of New Zealand New
is the wor, ealand
biggest and most efficient export of dairy products, The industry has developed on account of the increasing demands from cities for milk, crean, butter and cheese.
The dairy industry in New Zealand. coutributes almost a third of the total value of the country
Dairying in New Zealand is solely on a commercial scale.
About 75% of New Zealand farms are found in North Island, on the SW and NE lowlands.
5. The size of an
average dairy farm about 60-80 hectares, and grazes a dairy herd of around 100 cattle. However, since the past 15 years, the trend has been changing in favour of large farms.
The main breed of cattle is the Jersey which is noted for the high yield of butter fat in the milk. but the
Friesian is going in popularity because of: the current trend in dairy farming towards combining dairy production with beef production.
The operation of the farm is highly
mechanised, with
electric fences, electric milking
mechines and highly automated milking
sheds and collecting yards.
8. The industry is organised along highly efficient Cooperative lines.
The farmers within a particular area have their milk collected dairy by tankers to the dairy factories, where milk is tested pasteurised and processed. Favourable Conditions Leading to the Success
Physical Conditions: 1. New Zealand enjoys
warm temperate. oceanic climate. Winters are mild which permit outdoor grazing throughout. the year.
The mild, moist climate and
fertilized soil allow the growth of excellent grass and hay crops like alfalfa...
It has cool summer. temperatures. Dairy cattle give much milk. in cool summers and milk can be kept for a longer period,
It has low rolling and humid plains.
Human Factors:
There are good road networks to connect the chief pastoral areas the Waikaito Valley, Taranki. Lowlands and Hawke's Bay -- to the main population centres. e.g. Hamilton, Auckland and Wellington.
Oversea markets are also favourable, New Zealand used to get a preferential tariff. from the United Kingdom. Though this
contract had ended
sales to SE
ountries are
optimistic.
3. The invention of
refrigeration enables the dairy products to be exported over Long distance without going bed,
The early settlers are hardworking and open-minded, they are eager to seek new ideas, try out new techniques and carry
out researches.
Pastures are improved by using superphospliate. Quality of dairy
better
breeding of cattle e.. crossed breed of the Jersey and Friesiaty,
6. The innovation of
milk tanker makes transportation of milk efficient. It has encouraged. the growth of multi- plants and multi- production compani
anies (which process butter, cheese, and milk powder all under one. roof) and of the same time, lowers the cost of production.
7.
8.
There are organized cooperatives to market the dairy products.
The dairy industry is greatly aided by the. New Zealand. Dairy Beard, too. The Board is responsible for the co-ordination of
dairy processing and marketing. It helps to inspect the
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products carefully and guarantees the quality. It also carries out
researches so as to provide technical services and advices. Below are descriptions of the forests in Indonesia and New Zealand:
"About 2/3 of Indonesia is under forest, yet only 3% of the total: forested areas is under commercial
exploitation."
'At the early period of New Zealand's. development forested Fand blanketed about 70% of the total land area, Yet after a hundred years and * more, forested regions only amount to 23.2% of the total area in 1965.
a. Explain why so
little timber resource has been exploited in Indonesia while in New Zealand it is rapidly exhausted. What measures have been undertaken by the two govern- ments for any betterments?
Suggested Answers:
Reasons for the Sma11 Exploitation of Forest Resources in Indonesia
The rich timber resource has been exploited very little because the trees are usually of mixed. stands, making it difficult for selection. The thick under-growth, the dense growth of climb- ing plants and. parasites and poor communications makes these forests difficult to penetrate or even inaccessible. The hard wood is also.
ifficult to fell,
Since population is sparse and diseases and insects are:
widespread in this.
region, little labour
is available. Moreover,
-期
damage caused by
volcanic eruptions and the need for clearing. for the expansion of agricultural and
pastoral activities. Measures Undertaken by the Indonesia Government
The 5-year plan and the 10-year development programme set targets for the expansion of timber production. There are schemes to survey and exploit forests, and to research and investigate. into forest potentials, e.g. for making raym, paper, tanning, plywood and synthetic fibres.
The Forest Inventory and Land Development Centres have been set up by the Indonesian Govern ment. They take up the responsibility to plant various species and carry out the work of reforest- ation for industrial use and to control felling of trees. These work are helped by improved. communications.
The government also encourages overseas. investment and introduces numerous improved technology.
Measures Undertaken by the Government of New Zealand
The New Zealand's. Government has been: keenly aware of the deficiency in timber
stion resulted from
日五十月三年二八九一曆公年一十七國民華中 育教僑華
indiscriminate felling which leads to domestic timber snortages, Remedial measures focuse ing on reforestation and conservation of forest resources are being enforced. The New Zealand Forest Service, which includes the Forest Research Institute and a staff training centre at Rotorua, was established in 1919. It is respons- ible for conservation of both natural and exotic forests, increase of forest resources and control and noxious animals
生物
(#)
in this primitive area, ADELERE####
due to the lack of
capital, only very Low level of technology and poor technique are employed. Systematic development of this area is late because of the insular nature of the country, exploitation is limited I to a few islands only.
Reasons for the Rapid Exhaust of Forest in New Zealand
The rapid decrease in forest resources in New Zealand is partly due to the commercial exploitation during the Colonization of the European settlers. Lumbering is highly developed there since. it is mainly temperate coniferous forest. The coniferous trees are soft wood, the trunks are tall, slender and thin, therefore, they can be felled easily. The usages of the trees and the demand for them are high too, such as pulp and paper making and construc- tion. Besides this, the rapid exhaustion
is also due to the
careless burning of
the Maories, the
BIOLOGY (22)
W.W. Leung
Mi11 & Dale Press Ltd.
Unit 17 Environment
3. The following diagran
is a simplified" nitrogen cycle,
Ammonium compounds
Animals
B
Nitrogen- fixing bacteria in the groot nodules of leguminous plants
Plauts
Nitrated
What should X be? Which form of nitrogén
is the greatest
nitrogen reserv
the system?.
Name the type of agsociation between.
the nitrogen-fixing bacteria and leguminous plants.
d) State the importance
(1) the nitrogen-
fixing bacteria the leguminous plants.
(2) the leguminous
plants to the nitrogen-fixing
hacteria.
e) Give two uses of
nitrates to plants.
f) (1), Name the processe
A B and C.
(2) Describe and
explain the effects on plants and animalsif precess Ais inhibited.
Give, two ways by which nitrogen in animals returns to the soil.
The folloving diagram.
is a food web in a habitat.
SUN Green plants.
Cater
Mouse
Sparr
Snake
a)(1) What is the
importance of the sun in this food web?
(2) What does the arrow denote in this food web?
By what processes that energy is lost. from one level to another.
b)(1) Construct a pyramid
of numbers using some of these organisms.
Acount for the difference in number of the organisms.
Explain what would. happen to the commiinity
if
(1) insecticides are
used in this habitáte
(2) hawks are killed in
this habitat.
ANSWERS:
5.
1). Atmospheric nitrogé
b) Atmospheric nitro,,
Symbiosis.
(1) Nitrogen-fixing
bacteria provide the leguminous plants with
nitrogenous: compounds.
(2) The Leguminous
plant's provide the nitrogen-fixing
bacteria withi
water nutrients
and shelter.
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5
49.11 81
*)(1) Synthesis of
protein,
(2) Synthesis of
chlorophy IL.. f)(1) A; absorption,
B: nitrification, C: denitrification. g)Since planta use nitrates to form proteins and chlorophyll,
the inhibition of process. A would cause' reduction of growth and eventually death of the plants. Since animal's feed on plants; they would also result in death for the duck, of food.
h)Excretion and
decompositionári death retains.
a)be sun is the ultima te
(1) energy source of
the food web,
(2) The arrow denotes
the flow of energy or the passage of materials from one level to another. (3) Energy is lost from
one level 10. another because some of the energy is utilized by the: organisms to do work and some of the energy is lust. as heat.
b)(1)
Hawk
Sparrow
Caterpillar
Green plant:
Fawk
Shake
Mouse
Green plants
(2) When energy flows: through a food chain, only a small proportion of the energy taken up by each link is. transferred to the next step because.
some of the energy is lost as best and/or utilized by the organisms to do work, bu the other hand, the organisms become
progressively
bigger than the organi sus - being consumed therefore number of organisms in each step. progressively. decrease towards the top of the food chalu as the amount of available energy: progressively. decreases
Hinsecticides are used in this habitat, the number of caterpillær:
decreases. As a result, the number of green plants will increase since
less green plants. are consumed by caterpillar but the number of sparrow will decrease due to inadequacy of food (caterpillar), (2) If hawks are killed
in this habitat, the the number of
sparrow and snake will increase, since less eats them. As result,
My
fodator
the number of carevpålar and nou są w decrease
since they are tue roods or sparrow
and snake:
respectively.
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