頁二第張六第 日九廿月一十年酉辛夏
1982
中學會考試題預習專欄
經濟(十一)
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Economics (11)
K. E. Wang A Lin. Chin
MILL & DALE PRESS LTD.
Demand.
I. The definition of
demand,
The demand for a commodity does not only means the need of the desire for that commodity. If refers to the amount or quantity of it that people are willing to buy at various
prices.
It is the willingness coupled with the
ability to buy that commodity at a price.
To distinguish
demand from wants and need, demand for a commodity is backed "up by the ability to
purchase it, ins
economic theory, desand always means effective demand,
Demand Curve
There is a tendency for a buyer to buy more of a commodity: at a lower price than
at a higher price.
Individual demand means the quantity of the commodity demand- ed by an individual.
Market demand means that the futal sum of demand for a
commodity by all ândividuals in the market
dan, vridividualia
demand for a
commeility at differ→ ent prices during a given periud af time tẩu the compiled into
schedule.
Price of,
Forange:
(Sper
unit)
Quantity demanded of Mr. Afor oranges per month
tae:price of a commodity, the
WAH KIU YAT PO
greater vill be- the quantity demanded. In other words, the
quantity demanded by individual or the whole market is
inversely proportion- al to the price of that cosimodity.
Therefore, the aggregation of the demand curves of all. individuals in theTM economy is, called market demand curve. Its shape is likely that it will also slope downwards from
left to right, as shown in the below diagram,
P1(Price)
Market
demand
curve
(Quantity
demanded for a
Commodity)
Change in demand
· "A change in demand" is different with "a change in quantity demanded"
A change in quantity demanded means the changes of the quantity demand- ed in respect of a range of price changes. It is the response to "changes in the price of tue- commodity and is the movement along the 'demand curve.
A change in demand moans that a greater "amount or smaller
amount of goods and services is denamed
any changes Price.
in
A change in demand involves a shift in the demand curve.
If the curve moves towards the Teft, {from DD to 9 ̧D;} then there is an increase in demand. as shown in FIG.Ä.
1.5
-102
0.8.
10
0.7
23
47
·D
28
30.
0.2
Putting the above tuble into a diagram,
a downward sloping curve can be drawn, The curve represents the state of demand at a particular time The vertical axis
refers to the price. scale and the hori...” -zontul axis refers to the quantity demanded côf Me. Afor oranges,
Price
Individual Demand Curve
for orange
15 20 25 30 35
Quantity demandach of Mr. A for orange.
The demand curve clearly shows that *the higher the prices
He smuller.. quantities would be sirėmaxided. It alopes downward and it is moving from Teft to right, introducing the law of demand,
The law of demand states that the Taver
Price of the commodity
FIG A
Quanity demanded for a. Commodity
"If the curve moves backward from DD to Ð ̧Ð ̧, it is said that there is an decrease in derand
as ahova in FIG.B,
Price of the commodity
FIG. B
Quantity demanded for a commodity
IV. Factors affecting
change in Market demand.
The tastes and prefer- ences of the consumers
said that the It is taste and preference of the consumers would affect the purchase, of goods and services.
3.
報日僑華
Every household is
different, and even members of the same family have different tastes and preferences,
Riligious, social and economic factors can affect the choice of consumption in food, clothing, living conditions, entertain- ment and recreation of the citizens. Since, there may have differ ent racial groups in a country, the summation of the individual demand plays a major part in deciding total demand for a commodity. or service."
Nowadays, consumers are mostly affected by the advertising. strategies promoted by firms. They may be attracted by the fashionable
commodities.
The income of the households
Family Income is one of the major factur în determining family's consumption. Those higher income familes. will spend more on consumption goods, The real income of the families determine the household purchasing pover. If there is inflation problem in the economy, the general price level would be increased, leading to the decrease of purcha purchasing power of
the households. As a result, there must be
quase quantity demanded.
"If there is a
general increase in the income of the society, an increase in demand will be caused.nl
The necessity of the
-eommodity--
If the goods are necessities and they are demanded by everyone in the society, the charge in demand will be reduced to a certain extent. For examples, food and drink are necessities in nur life. Some goods; such as tobacco and alcohol, are habit-forming.
The prices of other goods
If the goods are
one another, of the
price would
be seriously affected by the decrease in
prices of its substitution gouds. Even then the goods are not substitute to: each other, the demand for a commodity would be affected because
there are many possible altomatives
sof satisfaction avail- able to the consumers,
The size of the popglation of the country
If the country is. densely populated anal the population is increasing," many"" people are going to be fed and clothed, as a result, there are greater demand of the food, drink, clothes- and housing in the. suciety, and the demand for necessity, goods will continue to increase.
The distribution of income among the population of the government
government tries to use the tax system to eliminate the gap. between the rich and the poor, greater. equality would be achieved.
四期星
Taxes may be imposed to reduce the demand for a commodity. For example, excise duties: have often been imposed on imported good so as to reduce the demand for them.
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HISTORY (11)
Philip Y.L. Woo
MILL & DALL PRESS LTD.
Questions on the Meiji modernization can be of two types: either the individual aspects of " modernization (e.g. economic development, constitutional movement, and so on) are asked, or students are expected to analyse the whole modern- ization movement (e.g. the effects of the move- ment in general, or the ways how modernization fed up to the rise of militarism). The followe ing question belongs to the second type. So don't describe the details. about the different aspects of modernization. You are asked about the reasons for the success, and although the differ- ent aspects of moderniza- tion made up the movement. as a whole, you should mention the details only in so far as these: details support the claim that the modernization was a success. It's a matter of emphasis, ou the reasons rather than on the fact that it was a success (which has been accepted as true),
The first paragraph of the essay is an introduei tory remark. It summAT-- rizes the meanings of a successful modernization in Meiji Japan.
The second paragraph shows that the reasons. for the success were both Tong-term and short-term. Then a long-term reason is explained; the tradi- tion of culture-horrowing If you like you can put in more factual informa- tion to give proof to this point. BUT time yourself.
In the third paragraph; another long-term (or underlying) cause is given and explained; the conditions of Tate Tokugawa Japan (Japan before the Meiji restora- tion of 1868) were favourable to moderniza- tion. So you have to explain the ways how the conditions were favour able: political, social economic, or what?
The fifth paragraphi leaves pre-1868 Japan and explains how the.. fresh start after 1868 gave Japan both the determinatiun and good lendership to start modernization,
The sixth paragraph goes into the moderniza- tion changes and explains how wide-ranging they were, in order to show that successful
modernization depends on exactly this thing. The seventh and eighth paragraphs are for this purpose too. Again, you can put in more facts about the modernization programmes if you have time. Analyse along these words "Political", "Social" "Economic and others.
The last paragraph is a conclusi pa. You can see how a conclusion can be drawn without repeat- ing what has been said
日四廿月二十年一八九一履公年十七國民载中 商教益合
again and again. Indeed a a conclusion is not repetition of the
contents of the essay
Describe the factors that explained the success of the Mei ji modernization(1870-1912)
That the Meiji modernization was successful seemed difficult to doubt. internally, foreign imperialism was generally repelled by
1900. Externally, Japan defeated China in 1894-95 and Russia in 1904-05.
The reasons were necessarily of multiple origins; some long-term and underly- ing, others short-term and immediate. One can start, for example, by remarking on the tradition of culture borrowing in Japan. Whereas the Chinese Found it difficult to accept things western because of a sense of cultural superiority, the Japanese found it easy to do so because there were precedents in tradition. One excellent example is how during the Tokugawa times (1603- 1866), despite the official ban on all- contact with foreigners, Western learning was still imported into Japan (known as the “Dutch learning"). This had the effect of slowly but solidly preparing the Japanese (espoci- ally the patriotic samurai of-the Meiji restoration genera- tion) for accepting Western technology and _ideas_in--full after.
18701
In many respects, conditions in Tate Tokugawu Lines, were (by coindente, one must concede) favour- able to the Mei ji modernization after. 1868. The pre-1868 commercial
"selnomy was
for
"fuct" tlia t
laid a firm foundation for post-1868 economic development. Besides, considerable reforms on wastern andel had already been tried by the
gawa. Shogunatel and some progressive clans,
ao much so that the Meiji moderniza- tion was, strictly, speaking, only a continuation rather thun the beginning of reform efforts. The Tokugawa Shogunate lad: left behind some gunneries and a varied knowledge of Western military techniques for the Meiji ment, and great
KÖVETU-
the two
and Juma Canshu
were in
possession of w naval squadron and an army on Western nodel respectively. In education, for another instance, nearly half of the male population in Japan knew how to read and write by 1870, Vestern aëience and
technology were taught
Politically; the success of the Meiji Lestoration in 1868 guve Japan a now, energetic and pregrea- sive government to decide on, carry out, supervise and co- ordinate the reforms. Gne remembers how reforms were carried out by a declining and weak, dynäety in China. and appreciates thi a
chimp of a fresh
82
political start in
explaining the Meiji success,
For successful
modernization, the changes that are effected must be wide- ranging, and the Meiji modernization was successful because the reforms were compre- hensive in coverage. Golike China which in 1862-94 undertook- limited military- technological changes only, Heiji Japan experimented with Western institutiona and ideas also. Agriculture, industry, education, the
military and ideology- almost every part of Japanese government and society was affected. The reform programs were carried out at the same time; they mutually rein- forced one another.
fdeed, the policies
Meiji govern
ment were both
realistic and practical. As the Meiji leaders vere moderuizing their country, they worked. out an overall plan for the purpose. The different measures of modernization were carried out gradually, not violently. Any unnecessary instabi- lity was cut down to a minimum; one must recall, in this respect that the 1848 Restoration was not a bloody revolution that. turned the social- political order upside down a Western imperialism was morë intense in China than in Japan, the Meiji atate van, relatively speaking, given a better opportunity to modernize itself,
But in the Tast analysis, had it unt been for the widespread enthusiaSE
for modernization
among tice people arket the strong sense of social unity, the Meiji government might have failed in modern- izing the country in (comparatively) so
short.
period of time, Natíonalism, then, provided the key to the Mei ji succesa. The strong feeling of nationalist belonging. was partly rooted in Japanese tradition, unquestioned loyalty": and obedience to superiors were accepted without doubt by the
Japanese, and partly promoted by the Meiji government itself, which deliber- ately cultivated nationalism through
the increasingly
authoritarian educa- tion system and the Shinto (Emperor. centred) ideology.
To date, the succeas of the Meiji modern- ization seema still unsurpassed in
In going into valstóry.|
rensans for it, we must consider nët nuly the circumstances when the modernization Look place but also the intrinsic qualities that the Japanese possessed. In short, wo: must look at the 4ssue from both the outside and the inside,