頁四第張六第日二十月一十年酉辛悉夏
WAH KIU YAT PO
Thereafter the
1982
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歷史
(九)
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HISTORY (9)
Philip Y.L.Woo
MILL & DALE PRESS LTD..
(continued from last
issue, on the causes of |the First World War)
Nationalism as an underlying cause of the First World War
-
TA * Nationalism means
patriotism, a respect and love for one's
- fatherland and the
readiness to sacrifice. self-interests for the country. Nationalism did not appear in Europe until the modern age (from about the 18th century on); From:1871 to 1914 European:nationalism was very strong, due to these reasons;
and
The unification movements of Italy and Germany in the 1850s.and 1860s These movements their success. stimulated national- ist ideas among...... different:: peoples of the world.
Rise of the modern state and nationa- list propaganda Unlike a feudal
empire, the European modern statem
actively sought to promote nationalist feeling among the people.
From 1871 to 1914, there were these
sources of nationalist conflicts:
French desire to regain Alsace- Lorraine from the
Germans
:: france.
lost these places to
Germany in.1871.
desire among:
Frenchmen to get the. places back:made European statesmen
worried that
another
Franco-German war
might occur.
Struggle for. independence: among the different peoples in the Balkans - The large area was under Austrian and Turkish: influence. However, both Austria and Turkey were becoming weak.in the 19th century. Therefore the Balkan peoples vere active in
fighting for independence. This created much trouble, since Austria.and' Russia had conflict- ing. Interests and other
powera were involved in the
Balkans too.
Struggle for
colonies – Some people of the great powers wanted their governments to acquire colonies
as a way of national glory. As we shall see, this led to much conflict. between the great. powers.
overseas
Nationalism contribut- ed to the outbreak of the First World War in these ways:
The dispute between Austria and Serbia in the summer. of 1914 (that led to the world war in the end) was basically the result of the Serbian nationalist attempt to challenge Austrian supremacy.
Kings and rulers: feared that if in a dispute they showed retreat or peaceful
intention, people
would accuse them as
being unpatrioti
報日僑華
Unwilling to back down and risk losing
face, kings and rulers, took strong measures against
each other once a dispute, like the Sarajevo assassina- tion occured. As it happened, this led to war between: them.
Colonial conflicts as an underlying cause of the First World War -
In Africa, East Asia and elsewhere, colonial powers like Britain,. France and Germany: fafter 1890) often quarrelled with each other. But one must remember that, not a |single colonial problem
led to war between the great powers, Yet the. relations between them had been considerably warsened. For example, the relations betwwen Britain and Germany were badly affected by:
a.
the British policy of monopolizing the: major share of colonialism, and
the German policy of following Britain in ̇struggling for more. Ccolonies。
Colonialism did not directly lead to the outbreak of the First World War, But because of colonialism, the relations between the. great powers were worsened. This made it impossible for a peaceful settlement of a dispute once the dispute occured.
liance
The alliance system as an underlying cause of the First World War –
⠀⠀ You learnt about the alliance system last time.
| The ways how it
contributed to the First World War are twomway. On the one hand, the
alliance system ledto the war:
1. During the First World War, the powers of the
Dual Alliance fought
一期星
日七月二十年一八九一屣公年十七國民華中 刊週樂音育教
against the powers of the Triple Entente. 2. It was the support
from Germany that..
encouraged Austria to teach Serbia a lesson, Both of them were members of the Dual Alliance.fra
3. hussia mobilized:
against both Germany. and Austria partly because of the support: that Russia depended on:from France, Both: Russia and France were. members of the Triple Entente.
In other ways, however, the alliance system did not bring about the First World Wars:
Italy was a member of the Triple Alliance: (with Germany and Austria). But Italy did not fight on the side of Germany and Austria after 1914. In fact, Italy joined the Allies (France, Britain and Russia) later.
2. Britain declared war
ou Germany and Austria because the neutrality of Belgium was isolated, not so much: because Britain intended to honour.the. Triple Entente.
3. The great powers
joined the var becauBe their interests had been threatened, or sy they thought. It was not because there was the alliance system alone.
RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE [GREAT POWERS FOR THE
OUTBREAK OF THE FIRST WORLD WAR
These are the immediate causes. of the First. World War. Each of the great
powers had its owa responsibilities:
Austrian She intended to
make use of the
Sarajevo assassination to teach. Serbia a lesson, so that.
Austrian prestige
would be raised and
the position of
Austria in the
diplomatic circle of
Europe would be.
to
strengthened. The ultimatum that Austria sent to Serbia was harsh and was meant provoke war deliber- ately. Germany. - She should not
lve support to her ally, Austria, which made Austria even more confident to make war on Serbia, Germany bad little interest in the Balkans. Her support for Austria was therefore meaningless. The Kaiser just felt that because a prince was murdered at
Sarajevo all European monarchs should stand together to punish the criminal, Serbia in this case. When Russia. mobilized troops, Germany made the
decisi
ion to attack⠀⠀ France and Russia at the same time. This turned the local dispute into a serious conflict among the great powers. Besides, once German troops marched against France and Russia, there was no hope for a peaceful settlement. The Kaiser, William II, was a military map. He saw things in military terms. The steps he took (or approved) led Germany to disaster. Russia - She intended. to
fish in troubled water during the dispute between Austria and -Serbia. And Russia`
could not let Serbia crushed by Austria, So Russia mobilized her troops. Although mobilization of this sort did not necessar- ily mean war, Russia was the first power to
mobilize troops, Once:/
mobilization was
underway, other powers feared that they might be left behind, so
they mobilized too, such as Germany and Austria. This made peaceful negotiation. difficult because military leaders. feared, as time went by, that their country was in an increasingly disadvantageous.. position. In the end, the German Kaiser listened to the views of militarists, who argued for a quick war against both France and Russia,
France - She was attacked by Germany, and did not have much respon- gibility for the war, The only responsibil. ity was that France; did little to restrain her ally Pussia.
Russia thought that she had France as ally, Thus a strong policy. against Austria and Germany. But, after all, perhaps we could not blame France for not doing something: positive to prevent war when other powers like Germany were actively promoting preparing forwar itself.
Britain Britain tried
to arrange for a peaceful settlement: after the Sarajevo assassination. But the attempt was inadequate. British leaders felt that Germany and Austria would not dare to challenge France, Russia and Britain together. As it happened, this predic- tion was wrong. When at the last moment Britain tried more active, ways to mediate it was too late. War
was
On
八時正假大會堂音樂獎上演。 2室明娟」定本月七、九、十一、十二及十四日晚「劇角色。 演出歌劇,最近在阿姆斯特丹演出此劇寳十四次 詩人魯道夫的角色將由紐約城市歌劇院的首,
THE DO
歌劇「陋室明娟」台前幕後
一他飾演熱納。
限角
【意大利政府獎學金就讀於羅馬大學,餘寀眾學
男低音羅伯遜飾演劇中的哲學家高遜尼一角 香港出生,畢業於拔萃男苔院及香港大學,曾獲
歌鏻奴兩個角辺の樂氏爲紐約一經驗老到及聲音- 及倫敦皇家音樂學院小提琴敎授 - 並會組織有已 甚高的歌唱家,擅長扮演意大利歌劇中的缺諧角的蜜樂團,兼任指揮。他創立的寫棄寧絃樂四重 邁歌劇的策硒及藝術指導爺就發文,盧氏在國著名的新峰樂團首席。一九八〇年應邀來港任
*麗氏篇歌唱界中凵後起之秀,多衎前途無可限 生看樂世家,四佻始學習小提瑷,稍長師從拉 喜劇男低溍柴緊申將分谥房東班奈亞及富鈞一,留任英格蘭室樂團首席,澳洲南威爾斯音樂院 一奏 - 曾三度珽球演泰→嘉氏於一九七五年出任英
翻遜,後徒巴黎隨班納德深造。嘉莱寧經驗豐富 拍楎香港竾弛霦團担任音樂伻奏的嘉筆寧出 學 深造。恭港前會任職英國廣播電台。
——本月七、九、十一、十二、十四日上演 市政局主辦,盧景文策劃及指導的歌劇「陋,具有豐富的舞台經驗,會演出過不少成功的讚歌劇,策劃導前並設計多次演出。一九六九年,
「客饫弦樂團團長熊助煺指揮。
追五烶特朵的歌烁演,門票均爲十元、
閽l徳航贊助機粜
一」、「小丑俞浆」及「老柏思春」,皆由市政局
一被邀在南伊利諾州大學歌劇中心開辦研習班 盧 計。已活後任職香港大學,致力推動戲劇及西洋 氏近年導演的「愛情甘露」、「茶花女」、「南
「劇「紐約一棵樹」在那里港首演·選取盧氏 徒,吸取舞台工作經驗。一九六一年巴加拉的碎元及北元三種,現已於大會堂票房:倂。 林敏怡赴德習樂
阳∫的獎學金 • 先進的德國現代蓄樂,考取得「總遜學術交流計 本港青年作曲家林敏恰爲了進一步研究世界
費,已啓里萬得到德國
....
雌 威歌劇乃普契尼的作,在被發退任雜台導察男高晋你算推獅演出。李氏會被生戴洲各國話」、「蚴就夫人」、「紅倍血」、「鄉村武上
担任伴唱。
盧景文爲「陋室明娟」設計的第 屈一指的音樂家。赫花女郎咪咪一角將由香港著
北寧柑揮。符烬光担任指揮的香港雅樂社合唱團 TENSE) 420OLLISEEN ANA 担任是次演出的歌唱家,但是本港及英美首 演出;馳譽國際。
·「陋室明娟一女主角江樺
前往意大利、墨西哥及南調各地演出。 *名的歌翽歌唱家江棒袛丽演出,江氏的才華出眾,為紐約城市歌劇院的成員,名對美國,亦要應邀的故事」、格魯克歌劇「中國女子」及普朗的兒,由家大會贊樂節」的前目染耐工作,主持現代爾 花膑女高瞀腳爱迷敝劇中的嘉薈,藺氏亦一年加盟香港體台以來,會導演斯塔文斯基之一 男中甞錘布富曾先後為力英國各大歌劇院- 節好演音樂誦劇「東方是東方」。這天在澳洲攻 在普樂故爭「小象巴A]!。今年他又替香港藝術 一及澳洲發行電台工作,*九七七年獲獎學金赴英 代普樂作出6 讓戲劇,大學畢業後加入南澳洲劇團、新歌劇社 負笈遠雷洋苦爭,他日學成巨港定可爲本港現 「碚作此法之研討得到各國作曲家及音樂學者的裤 林敏恰有志發揚現代音樂,若然放下一切,
「贊助或必離。盧景文現任香港理工學院助理院長,伯尼符研習現代音樂作曲法。 裤台婆演則由高德殿报迁。高氏自一九七九參辦今年三月在港舉行的國際音樂盛會「亞洲作 港中樂團、藝術中心、及香港電台等演出,並因 林敏怡近年活躍於香港全城,作品先後爲香
二幕佈景
市政局邀請陳鋼敎授講
城市舞蹈團團員舞姿
携手獻新猷
港英舞蹈團
·香港城市當代舞蹈 港話劇團合作演出過「
「城市當代舞蹈團不
A
的民歌記:
中國的音樂教育 〔下
大會堂演奏旗座無虛席反應熱烈
十二、學校事少數民族學生很多“有辆、珤丶......在「特別班」裏,道是瑤族姑娘在唱自己
十四、俞謝娜獨奏「梁祝小提琴協澤曲」,
十五、阗是竪琴演奏「漁舟晚唱」,因爲是雲作曲,所以在旁指點他。
十三、斑是照娜她們的弦樂五重奏,今年去澳洲演出"
·十六、道是李冬强在彈琴。
—放映完畢。... 十九、酒是外國藝師來散絕,丁善經接待;斯基在我祆教了半年多。那是艾瑟斯頓。
十八、雯麗娟弹奏琵琶「十面埋伏」,是得獎者,
十七、這是校外請來的老藝人,毅板造,迺人伏八十幾了,敎板鼓。.
中國人留學美國週末也抱在网沓腐娈不出來,我說你們應該出去玩了了解美國社會。 講學,3衆提的問題很內行。有次我介紹中國音樂,有個聽就很內行,開了他原來是職業司機! 答:已經在注意透過問題,比如「交通大學一現在正開始辦藝術來了,我在時國意街理大學
問:中國音樂教育是否打算改變?. 就有珠一級的水準,但個性得不到發揮美國是琜任自流,學得上學不上隨便他自己。 諫,可以得到嚴格的技巧溯源。中國的「一條龍」方式來自蘇聯,優點是個個符合規格,対那一舨 都演奏過了。所以,中國的中小學生送去美國訓練剛好補-
了不足,而美國的中小學生送去中國 | 八小時,但普通修養不夠,也缺乏合作訓煉。美國的音樂學生在合奏配合得好,而且很多古典作品 美國是通材,比如朱莉雅音樂學校的數學很好,中國的就很帶。中國注意對套能力,每天琴六到 問:商什麽好的都要送去外國?是否師資水平不夠以及只有在國外才可以自由發揮? 七十個。人材李來蘇多。艾瑟斯頓認爲小學中學比大學好,中國和美國的優缺點可以互相補不足。 天才,隨便給我幾個帶國去訓練。」一九七八年中小學國未恢復招生,大學招生報攷七千個。取了 答:問得好。這牽涉到中外不同的教學方式。美國小提琴家莫拉米爾來上海說過:「那麽多的 「超了來求息,但因不在計劃中很難見到,就站在旅館門口等,等到了,拉給他時,果然獲得賞識。 答:希甡纽軒舂中了,带了去英國。他原來在新疆,他父类知道她祖軒來了中國,就带了兒子
·問:國內音樂創作受政治影响麼?.
·而已,我設不止四個人,去美國南部參觀,帶領的人指若他們的古老的西班洋式建築介紹:「 季前五千年、看後五千年。因為任何事並非一人,一時造成的。美國人又問:「四人邦」四個人
·签··四人邦時期受限制,現正逐步開放。美國也有人開,我說別著一件事,一個人一如白樺)
精抛度現代神途而努·港九各學校作示範和郡,能幫到普羅大眾,以提一其中「姊妹舞」乃美國這是一百年前的、那是一百二十年前的·····咪我說這些幹嘴呢?你們有五百年歷史啊!」是的
、中文大學、各教育學
棍手表演一場新頹的舞 刀,曾先後在香港大學 陳工作。 經驗性的演出,作品包括舞蹈米洛·本奇。
*化舞「尺足」,該團不,教育司署及藝術中心在 年即在藝術中心上演現,將陷團斑,聯同香港
八楼假座大會堂音樂 圆 二一九七九年成立,八〇,以藝術教育爵任,在藝 蹈,城市當代舞蹈團於但爲一表演團體,亦深
團將於本月十六日晚上夢斷城西」等舞音樂 回以及倫敦的亞達斯舞,一個士兵的故事」及「 術中心州辦定期性之現
·錢|斯舞蹈班 || 國除作公開的舞蹈表演|安達斯所設計 的痊務演出。並在香港、路倫教現代舞團的前 曾講座,示對及實驗性病自跳的一齣舞蹈,雅社會的生活,了解爵士音樂對人的不可少;埝士樂多用切分節奏,因爲時代的動蕩、搖滾的世界 《院及中小學作示謗性行九八〇年成立,始創人 外·亦予各有關舞「让交」則爲本奇所底‘答:我不大喜歡那個音樂,但是隔了了解爾什麼那愁流行?我專門去她了,印象是:了解美國 ,問:中國對的士高耢樂和爵士音樂的態度, 升觀眾欣賞的水平。該編排家戴宏納專誠,我們有五千年歷史,也有五千年的包袱啊!一切事情,最後歷史會解答。 ;美國就是以搖滾樂反越戰的。任何事物不要一昧的肯定或抗拒,研究它安親什麼?用的是什麼
演出。
奥特色:9:
山、圈、香港藝術中心及一 |從而把品味最高的無荒雜記(第一幕)一會堂亲房發售。 也們也會與香港管弦樂据高職業舞瞪的水率, 交」「姊娃舞一破「│五號及廿元四種,在太」,對美國的「現代音樂」有何感想?我說首先:現代音樂大大地豐富了音軒世界 - 等於在術家的調色 「媽與」及「形簿」、甜圈成立的目的,在於括「再來一次」、「就門系分五元、十元、十一作者個人,第三僻上音樂在社会上起什产作用?反對爵士靜樂就有相試於否定與人了。他們又問我 園現的内容,對象。有種現象叫做「異化,簡單的比語,A生了B,B却至制A!有些「現代 “板上增加了好多酸料,追應該歡迎;問趙是:現代音樂表現什麽?不在於表現時運用的材料而在於
固定的,作爲其他律音的標準,經過了無數次, * 率而改變其高低。跟要找出一個的實質變化,第三·晋的力度變化。 %的實驗,人們決定了以每秒空振動二五六次的吞位,創造出一個「全音符」,然後把全音符分篇一 在很久以前,人類已發現了音響可以憑增減,大概不外三站:第一、普的長度變化,第二、音是叫坐落在中總數?4 ...要使一首樂曲表現得儀態萬王,神采飛揚, 「符」;還有「八分音符 止「符的單位也如音符 越大,則時間越短,林一齊影情况如何? • 三十二分音符」。符 ! 先說第一點,音樂家把一個全啻當做一個單。第二,也及延西洋音樂,第三,兩者縫合祿稿。在中國西洋樂器的發展也不好,單在文化大革命 台上,一個拉,另一張就拿呑繼潤替他照亮樂讚!至於說在中國,中樂西黑雖於化誰?那就看將來的發
相反,就是被異化了。音樂淪爲商品時談成爲音樂視品。音樂應當有更高的目的。 期間,上海一地就造了十萬把小提琴。中國是世界上妓多人演燊小提琴的國家之一。有一次我們遊
·髙:民族樂器與西洋樂器並沒有矛盾,我都有三條路可以走,第一,保存自己的民族特色 問:西洋榮路和民族樂器的音樂如何處理的呈西洋樂器比較先慈,那麼,是中樂溶在西然蛮避
一會定首,這就是現在背業術語的中央C的一個音 兩份,叫「二分散称」;分為四份,叫「區分量只酷站區,感到一個黑暗的山洞裏發出小提琴前奏的亞首,我們走進去石看。原來有兩蔣入在託了
感禮的振動,從而產生愛波,再傳難到我們的耳朶看還,而成一鼐樂曲,这首樂曲一定是單惘、沉,樂J作曲家被「異化」了,人被晋齣控制了,也那是說人網商品服務了。商品運常為人服務,現在
術中心的小製作資 任助理舞蹈編排及首次適出的包圍演的材料?在美國有人問我:人民日報上批評爵士音樂。我設第一我沒见到那篇文章,第二京裕只代表
我重要,而小牢又是 禇經聚中最有力的樂器,
的小提琴組以A音蟳
·音作標本,因爲樂隊中
。但在音樂演奏會中
· 音樂家們却不用鍵猳C,
心,因此爲了方便的緣故,管弦樂隊總是以A看
音的產生和分析 21 22
·金岱
B 降真的像我們上落樓梯一樣,每一級的距離相等
G六個音,從欣賞音樂的立來說,是極有 叫浩做「著的梯子」,還是很貼切的,音的升一 好波激葳空氣愈微,聲響就愈弱。 A意,你就可以推袞出其他BIC,D.E,F. 格、演奏技巧,情緒等等都能影响他的音質。: 西洋音樂是以自然音階爲基礎的。日耳曼人 波激動空氣愈猛,聲響就愈强;反之,福愈狹 ▲標準。A音的頻率是每秒四四〇次,當你認識了。它特殊的音質,每一位演奏者的國籍、經驗、人人是商品的主人。 從變幻多端的音響中獲得享受了。 一首樂曲有了以上三種變化,那麽聽衆就能
的强弱。是决定於振動體的振幅。振幅悆,必 第三點,音的力度,改得淡一些,但是意。
第二點,樂器有許多種類,每一種樂器皆有有教過校外學生。廣告是允許存在的,是商品之一,我不是說不要商品,而是商品應該镐入服務, 問你對文革時期的音樂(的)有何看法? 在美國,傳統音樂的演奏媒所是滿座,流行音樂也滿坐,現代音樂不滿座,但是聽衆得認
·答:在不影响學校工作的情況下,在校外私人收學生是可以的,收費多少我不知道,因爲我沒 問:音樂學院的老師有沒有在外頭收學生的?收費如何?允許廣告麼?美國各類性質的音樂會
兒子,但在文華中英雄是入民的老子。 答:「樣板」也是一種「異化」。文革時期的文藝作品中,英雄高高在上。英雄應該是人民的
至此主持人宣佈時間已經不早,應當讓陳教授休息,今晚講座到此為止。 -林雨洲記錄,未經教授過自