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頁二第張六第日六初月二十年酉季廢夏 WAH, KIU YAT PO
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郭日僑業
二期星
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[岛),昨(日)正窩 學墭王寶大會主就今字
荃灣、半島、荆及「長麥振芳及剑指年
對伊會與聯靑龍之歷史一八。
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SKAGENINGE
GOERACAYZEEL
本會决盡全力以圓遏止。
十二月五日(星期六)
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賽經費,出席者近资
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1982
中學會考試題預習專欄
經濟
CAS
王啓光
明德出版社陳勵德提供資料
Economics (8)
JK.K.
wung & 1.T. Chan
Mill & Dale Press Ltd.
Disscuss the economies of large-scale
production and explain why some small fires still exist.
Economies of
can be achieved when
large-scale production
output increases,
the
average cost of
production tends fall over normal
ranges of output, The following are some of the main economies of scale enjoyed by large-scale production, (a)Economies in the
use of factors of production
The total costs to output increase less than
proportionately for a large output-than a smaller one- Since large scale production may need more labour force, a greater division of labour will most probably be employed. Consequently, the "average output per ́man-hour can be
expected to rise and and qualified specialista can be introduced. In addition, a larger firm will attract more efficient
labour because it
can offer its employees better Propects of
promotion to
higher-paid posts. Greater division of labour also enables a more capitalistic method of
production and employment of specialized
machinery. Large. scale of production enable the
economical use of its materials, for what might be waste. to a small firm can often be used by a large firm in the manufacture of
by-products, (b)Economiea of
administration As far as economies of administration ís concerned, due to increase în
division of labour a larger firm is able to attain a more efficient use
of labour and
better managenent methods,
(*)Marketing economies
It is generally. the case that a large firm can buy more cheaply than a Small one, for it buys new materials, component parts, etc. in bulk. Hence it enjoys the quantity discount for large purchases. Similarly, a large
retailer can buy.
directly from the
producer at a lower
price than that charged by the
wholesaler. As far
as advertising and
promotions are
concerned, a large-
firm is able to
afford a high ⠀⠀⠀
spending on these items than a small
firo
(d)Economies in
finance
Large firms generally are considered to be safer borrowers by the banks, thus the they can borrow money from banka at
a lover rate of interest.
)Economies in
research
Large firms again have
advantages over the small, for they can set up their own research departments, have their oWIL
laboratories, and can employ a large number of trained- research workers. In this Way, B large firm is able to study
betterments for the company and
innovate products for the company.la growth. (†)Economies in.
welfare.
A large firm is financially able to provide long-run, extensive wel füre facilities and improve the working conditions for its employees.
Even though large firus can enjoy the advantages through large scale production the fact that snall firms still survive indicates the following reasons:- (a)The size of the
business tends
be small where (1) the work
involves the provision of direct services, for instance doctors. accountants, dentists.
(ii) the work can be
done by craftamen e.g in tailoring (iii)a personal
service is provided, such as that of the domestic plumber or electrician.
(b)Sometimes, many
small retailers can survive because they have been able to give personal attention to the particular requirements of their own group of customers who are willing to pay a little mor for this service.
(c)Small firms are
just right in supplying enough quantities when there is only a limited demand for a commodity in the market.
(d)In some forms of
production, costs quickly start to rise as production expanda, and so the most economical unit is the small firm, or in other words, the optium
size of the firm should be small.
2. What are the différent
types of integration? State the advantages and disadvantage
integration,
There are 3
distingishable types of integration: (1)Horizontal
integration
Aborizontal
integration results from the combination of 2 or more firms that
sell in the same. line of business. Since a horizontal
integration combines competitors. together, it
increases the degree of industrial concentration and tends to contribute to a reduction of competition within an industry
(2)Vertical
integration.
A vertical. integration resulta when one of the firms in the
combination supplies the other with an important service of intermediate product. The integration of a paper mill with a magazine is such an example. This type of integration gives a company more control over. its distribution and purchasing. Even though the
firms involved are not direct competitors, vertical integration sometimes results in a considerable reduction of competition by: providing a way for a firm to hold substantial control in one market to spread its control to another. (3)Conglomerate
integration
A conglomerate integration results when firms that are in distinct, often unrelated,
industries combine together. The integration of a steel manufacture and a cigarette company is an example. Although a
is
conglomerate integration
ཱ་ཱ
less likely to influence competitive
conditions than
either horizontal
or vertical:
integration, it can
still reduce the
scope of.
competition when
the two firms integrated are strong potential competitors or
are
of each other,
Advantages of Integration:
Integration can bring about
operational efficiency and reduce the cost of production. Thus the customers can benefit by paying a lower price as a result of integration. Excessive competition can be eliminated through
integration and
wastage of valuabe
resources can be avoided. Also, when small firms integrate together to
form a single large firm, the economies
large-scale production can be obtained. More chance and wider scope for improving quality, standardization and
research facilities for for products can be realized through integration of firus,
Like ist, integration
may increase coordination between different stages of production and substantial increase in output can be achieved.
Disadvantages of Integration ****Integration can create any new problems which the original firms are unfamiliar
can
with or difficult to
tackle with. Also, since integration can result in operational efficiency, redundant labour will have to be. dismissed and this pose a serious problem especially in countries where unemployment is already critical. Even though integration in general can reduce. risks and uncertainies for production, the organization formed may be too complex and too large to
manage. Thus, worse
coorination instead of of better coordination between various stages. of production may arise. Combination of firms likewise can reduce competition and increase concentration as well as monopoly power. Concentration is especially a problem when the industry is very critical to the
country concerned, The decline of collapse of a big firm in such an industry may put a large number of workers out of job and push the related industries into difficulties. A depression or mass unemployment may thus result. On the "other hand, monopolistic power can bring harm
if to the consumers
the large firms decide
to charge higher
prices in order to
realize more profits,
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CAD
明德出版社高樹芳提供資料
additional Maths (8)
S.F. Ko
Mill & Dqle Press Ltd,
8.62,37
Let E be
and F be (?
AE
EB
2+7(2)
Then,
4421
Similarly;
Solving (1) and (2), we have
the orthecentre H
is (±1, −).
Ans
2-4Ay
2x-4
dy
3+5(2)
dx 2a
Slope of
6+15
E(5, ;-)
(0)
of-EF-
Slope of BC.
EFBC
Let R(h, k)
Since PQ:PR 1-3
PQ:Q8 - 1:2
the co-ordinates of
(
But
h+8 k+2
)
lies on the line 4y-3x-2=0····
4(k+2)~3(b+)-2-0
4k+8~31-24-6=0
the equation of the locus of R is given by hy-3x-29=0
Given
AB: +x+3y=0 BC: y=2x «x().
CAT 4x+5y-7=0 The equation of the
line CF through C. the intersection of BC and AC is given by:
4x+5y=7+k ̧ (y-2x)=0 i.e. CF: (4-2k)x+
(5+k,)y=7=0
Again BE: 2x+3y+k; {y=2x)
e. (2~2kg)x+(3+kŋ }y=0
Since CF LAB","
-(4-2k1)
-) (=—=3)=-1 (3)(-)--1 =23 2(4−2k, )+3(5+k; )=0
Since BE LAC,
~(2~2kg).
-) (-3)=-1 3+kg 4(2−2k2)+5(3+kq)=0
CF: (4-46)x+
i.c. 6x-4y+1-0
(5423)y-7-0
and HF; (2-4)x+
-5x+4y=0
(3+)y-0 .(2)
A(28, n)-
2a
Slope of AB=-1-
at
(""AT LAB) equation of normal at A
y-a-(-1)(x-2a)
ive. y+z×30
(2)
Now, (2) meet (1) at B
(30-y)=kay
y” ~10ay+9a--0 (y~a)(y~9a)=G
ya or 98 x=2a or 1 6a
From the figure,
A(2a,_a)
B is (~ba, 98)
slope
Slope of OB
눈(금)
tang=
e
Z can be written as
y-mx+ma-ts0 Since this ling touches the circle
then distance, from (0, 0) to the lines radius
__ (0)-n{0}+ma¬t
Nov
√1+ (~m)2
+7
2atm+t
2
e-7
and xylng":
r=8
Substitute these (3), values of h, k,
15m* +56m+48=0 (3m+4)(5m+12) -0
---12
When
or
into
the tangent from (7, 4) is given by_y-ke-(x-7)
4x+3y=40=0
-12
When -- the
tangent is
(x-7)
Ang
A.@.: 12x+5y=104-0