centered in him, all
the shareholder can lose no more than the amount he has invested, the rest of his property. being: free from any claims by the company a creditors.
育教僑華頁一第張八第
日三十月十年酉辛歷夏
WAH KIU YAT PO
1982
中學會考試題預習專欄
(+)
明德出版社
王啓光提供資料 皮村陳勵德
ECONOMIC (7)
經濟
K.K. Wong & L.T. Chan
Mill & Dale Press Ltd.
BUSINESS UNITS AND OWNERSHIP Definition of a firm
Afirm is. a business unit formed for the purpose of carrying on some kind of economic醇 activity. It is the basic unit of production. Most business firma are privately owned, arid. motivated by profits. It should be noted that ownership is a determining factor in. firm's behaviore Public and Private Enterprises
: The basic unit of planning and control over production is the enterprise. The terms firm and enterprise actually belong to one group. All modern economic societies have such control units, but there are wide
differences in the ways. they are organized.wow Public enterprise is owned and managed by the state. In Hong Kong, the owner of such enterprise. is the government, The Post Office, the Water Works the airport, and
the British section of the Kowloon 'and Canton Railway are public enterpriser,
Private enterprise is owned and managed by the private individuals, In our.community, which follows the laissez- faire (free enterprise) principle, most of the commercial and
industrial concerns are privately owned. The Sole Proprietorship
This is the oldest and simplest type of firm that has the
characteristic of one-
man" business. All the
firm's decisions are
profits from the firm is his, and he is personally liable for all the firm's debts. There is no legal distinction between the personality and
possessions of the owner and those of the firu. In fact the owner is the firm and is personally responsible for everything: the firm does. The Partnership.
A partnership is composed of several (more than oue) owners who pool their resources together to form the firm. The partners agree among themselves about how much capital each is to contribute, what role each vill play in the management, and how much each vill share in the profita, A partnership. has more capital and resources and thus has greater possibility of staying in the business, Since different partnera may have different skills or experiences. ceach can contribute to the firm in various ways. Also there is flexibility and adaptability for the firm| when partners are directly involved in supervision and thus the motivation to work is therefore strong.
The Limited Company: (Joint-atock Company)
This is a legal form. of enterprise (organizas tion) designed to take advantage of large-scale production methods by pooling the wealth of
many people into a single enterprise while at the game tine maintaining centralized control over, and responsibility for.
operations.
The major characteris- tic of a limited company is that the liabilities of shareholders are limited. This simply means that the liability of-the "ahareholder is limited to the fully paid up value of the shares he holda, so that should the
company find itself in difficulties and unable to meet the
demands of its
creditors
IN Hong Kong, limited company is set up under the Companies Ordinance. Each limited company is. a legal entity, i.e., it is treated as a legal person and has the right to sue and to be sued, can own property lu its name and makes contracts. The capital of the entity is divided into shares and the shareholders' Dormally do not manage the firm, Instead, Board of Directors is elected and it holds responsibility to the shareholders, i.e., tó report the state of business and publish the annual reports to the public.
There are two types of limited companies, the public limited company and
ComYate limited
The two are
quite different as far as legel. cpmmitment,
organization, and capital raising are concerned. The Co-operative Society.
This is another form of business organization but is quite distinct in ite structure, and
objectives. The major aim of such a society is to provide benefits which are common to all its
memberan
The most common type of co-operative society
is the Consumers! co-
operative. The ownere are sometimes also the: customers and the profita are distributed among the members. The studentar co-operatives in
universities are examples of auch. In Producerst co-operatives, the workers themselves.own, the business and elect aome of their members to manage it, the profit then being divided among then. Co-operation among farmers is a good example of the producers co-operativesan
Co-operative 80
Leties
報日橋業
in Hong Kong have to register with the
四期星
Registrar of Co-operative
Societies and is
incorporated under the Co-operative Societies Ordinance. Presently. there are over 400- registered co-operative: aocieties and all are under the control of the Registrar (The Director of Agriculture and Fisheries). Examples of co-operative societies in Hong Kong are the rural societies(e.g. the Vegetable Marketing Societies),
the fishermen's societies (e.g. the Federation of Fishermen's Credit S Societies and the Urban Societies (e.g. the Building Societies).
QUESTIONS;
1. Distinguish between
public limited company. and a private limited company.
The public and private limited companies are... different in many aspects, A private limited company is usually small in scale and its number :of shareholders ranges from 2 to 50; a public limited company is
日九十月一十年一八九一曆公年十七国民華中
for the public limited
company.
As far as the
private limited
company; is concerned, a shareholder cannot transfer his shares without the congent:
of the company nor can any invitation be made to the general public to aubacribe. for shares. Hence the company cannot be controlled through trading of shares. Also, the shares cannot be used for speculation. For the public limited companies, shares are freely traded in the stock exchange and the company. can be controlled by purchasing shares. Therefore, the shares. can be manipulated for speculation.
It should be noted that the financial statement of a private limited company is hot open to the public and there is a close relationship between: shareholders and t managenent for such a company. The opposites are true for the public limited company, ife. the financial statement
of the company ka open
usually large and there to the public and the
there is no uppet. limit in the number of shareholders, but
there must be at least seven. The shares of aprivate: limited company are not quoted in the stock market. and thus it can only raise capital from its shareholders in private. On the other. hand, the shares of the public limited company can be quoted un the stock market and therefore it can amount
raise a large amor of capital from the public through the stack exchange by issuing shares or by isaming debenturea (bonds). In this way, a large amount of capital can be a accumulated from amall savings of the
public
shareholders usually only invest without taking part in the management of the
company
2. What are
the advantages of public enterprise and private enterprise? Advantages of public enterprise
Public enterprises are motivated by the consideration of the well-being and interest of the people. not that of making profits. Therefore a state-owned. organization can offer. to the public cheap, uniform piece and regular services, products. Unlike. private enterprise. system, excessive.
competition can be
government.can
ensure:
that essential goods
and socially necessary services are maintained. Publi心 investment also can finance longterm and big projects such as the plover Cove Scheme which is too costly to private investors. Generally speaking, government+run enterprise bas better access to various kinds of information and statistical data and thus enables further development, Advantages of private enterprise
The activities of private enterpri sea are.generally
but
regulated by the law of demand and supply. Competition among private enterprises not only lead to new product and technology development (innovation) and thus economic progess, also allows a wider range of higher quality goods and services offered to the, consumera, In addition, competition ensures price to be kept at a competitive level so that consumers can be. benefitted more.
The
profit-making objective is a powerful incentive in making private enterpriser to work hard and display: greater initiative in his work. This kind of drive usually leads to more efficient and effective management. Moverover, the free market eigures the
optimal(best) allocation of resources including labour and thus the possiblity of wastage- of:resources will then be limited. Hence in such a system, the interests of the consumers are taken care of in that the production of various goods and services is based on satisfying consumers' needs.
盒
宗教
杜院長鬱示:百多年來,香港肚會變化很大(四)德育和美育监歉我並行、 廣傑會好主持,中文大學教育學院院長杜柏路教,宗烈和道線預想要生活。二宗教和道德观 聖馬可中學畢業典禮於昨日銀行,典禮由酶; 和道德教育工作,他認有幾個基本的原則(一) 一念要理性化。人三種宗教和道德原則要行動化。
「港教育制度多年來變遷大
宗教團體所辦學校 仍合需要適當發展
杜祖貽院長在聖馬可中學謂教會學校 如能實踐宗教精神有助轉移社會風氣
,香港的教育爾度亦隨之而受器,然而,香港家
傲的需要,而作當的發展?
虽然烈的就是體育問題,亦即是書少年的道德行 正確而成藝之認識與適應。 但却带察一些新的教育問題。近來教育界辯論得 在心智上线止常之成長德能及早對社會之變遷有
和整假教育制度是非常世大。他2··香萜教會學 也很複雜,但湏種問題影喎於青少年本身及社會 杜氏裤:有關德育問題,成因很多,而背景.
品德及道德觀念之毒成。職業輔工作之目的爲協 [)爲職業輔導〔二)爲啓發性之輔導師個人 許校長證詳:教育上之輔工作可分二途:為
能通過宗教和道德的學習和活動,建立起良好的 的特點,就是它阿娄高的宗教道德理想間,設 校發揮它的教育功能是最好機會,因為飲會學校 助青年,就其個別之興趣與能力教育。訓諫及就
• 業上能獲更佳之機會。啓發性之亞將工作的協
校風和傳統。
許氏辉,輔導工作成功首須檢今日之課程是一
|真去實踐,努力追求教育理想的遵成,相信對香,遷贊國隱此世界,被等汜將烈世俗所媒陶感染, 力於發揚它們所股慨的宗教精神和錞瓶價值,kg 生至少,餘則鎖面對社會現實之需求與壓力,不 康氏繼稱:如果香港所有的教會學校都能致,否適應其將來就業之需要。雖能升學之中學畢業〔丙)電腦文憑課程太課程爲本液與伊力電腦公司聯合根辦,諜程
查校開R
篇水流
篇
制打上,就要照顧部分家長的监怛力,而
·偏差、例在校服和體育服裝的香料和威式 .到有造祯相反的兩面存在,才可以避免出現
純也並非無人: 在棱務問題,再問題的處理上,注意 吃的東西尿裤:地的固然有,唉滾水捱匦包 號,家長能省就省了。即使在參加者之中, 一是家裏比較庭 。 旅行一次,總要花十元八 且由亞年年是那幾個,研究一下就知道不少 ... 李被大旅行,總有一些學生不加,而
他不要的答耳:「豆區可芽菜都是很
... 我者者他发船蒼白的臉色問:「天天登
對,那是大橋上尉! 小碟度導至和一輛 低園中六學生告訴我他的午攤只是二元五 咒至六元;那乾淨祜一點的在十元左右。
梁你媾和乌留心一下,你也可以看到學生生
·好的遙控模型,以學生為主要做客,不過只
遊戲機以至超過千元 - 百多塊錢一其的電子
談及: 的確兩百多塊 錢一對的運動鞋,
伴浪費,已有很多人 近年來學生的奢
另一面
·不能力求燕 美觀。
學能推理練習
智慧社主編
P80元
5300元
Q200元 R240元 下320元
下圖路線部份的面積是多少平方厘米?
P4c
Q8cm2
12cm
12
數字推理練習十九 綜合練習
$ 24cm
下圖為一圓柱體,若依虛線切解
選出下列毎關的正確答案,前在它的 下面畫一横粽
下列五個數中。那一個最大?
P
型
Q正方形
91
91.
0:91
A
3.5
9.1
2. 33
的切面是什麼形脱?
R长方形
形
園
下面是六望班學生年龄比較圖:細閱
俊解答下列兩題:
A
1000
·10000,"
3.
3
13成
12吨
GAN.
D-1
0.
4.假如让心b,下列那一術数不是真分
5.下列五個數中,恐一個與其他四個不
相同?
D40毫米
B250克 C3厘米 60.54
6.甲乙二人共有400元,乙有是甲的
1
4
什麼年次的學生人數相同?
P11歲和13版
Q11歲和14號
R 124142
S 12战和13歲
T13歲和菜價錢
您必然中班共有學生40人,那一年烦的
學生最多,热有幾人?
P12歲,共有10人
Q13歲,共有20人,
R14歲,共有5人
512歲,共有40人
T现成,共有20人
C
BR
30
點辻院長謂:關於教會學校要有效地推行宗敎從事國業之關係. 的轉移,一定大有幫助。 ... ... ...,因此學生想在中三前認識其個人獎壓與將來擦 [生會之八一年度蕤電影
許瑜樂善堂屬校畢業禮指出 敎師家長協力推行德育 官民合作普及敎育成功
[就,已定本月二十二日
張凱件出院舉行。是次
̇教育署署長許琼饰 校,學生人氣不足一百 政府與志團體緊密會學校十一問,學生人數以期德育運動再成宗 日讚許樂善堂,謂其爲,現時該機將此有各項與教師保持密切盤,
他又認為家長必須「心」
·演搜哉,谁油一位
「作推廣教習的明證。
約九千人?
他是在主持樂善堂 與下各教的聯合绘業店 教育事務之外,亦磁極
樂善堂隃致力推廣
他說:「家長與教徒,亲於助人,而且積 「獎啞人士,攝入心地善
焢通校眾會、校島及縣康同心合力,必能成功一强国人交往;姬奈有自
| 言,欲無耳,
九二九年設立第一所學
强迫教育心」
蒸可以說,假如沒有志,面推行饱育: 時仍未能進行九华免費|近公佈的學校德育指引 他指出樂善堂在]的指導遊行德育訓練。
許氏說:「我們基師在教學及課外活動方,推行德育。」 , 可以給予中小學足夠
·薛氏說:「木署最
廿二電影欸
羅富國學生會
羅宮國教育學院學問,但却想與你互談心一下親凱聲破院購票, 呢?他雖然不能够不能 人,但可曾有人祖心他
M
大人香!
家人港
ODY B 合有清
TOT 作責潔
排優班
住良
宿,本F招
冚問設校
題備最或月
,完·真以
歡善規上六
辦迎,模同所
家里,學
處晸業·校均九
及後園市
◎錦尖 學代 露
出興沙 生蓆 敬
哩查入 梯麗山詢加佔 轉10林、、地
育
聖公會始南小學招生
校址:香港薄扶林世富花园隆宮徑
手報 日報
雄產:上午一桑四年敬一九八一年度下學
精神班生。
至四時(星期六下午及假期停止辦公)
·2.報名時嫌交茲近正面半身吋半相
洪辉:即日起至十二月十六日(星期三)止 ,毎日上午十時至十二時,下午二時
.片張。
接近並
成核查及出生證明杳備驗,然後
:做取准考甜。
〔報名考試,不收任何費用
張學一九八二年二月一日(星期二)上幸
文華文
校校
長監監
李國
器智
副校監 鄺志仁