報日僑華
·期星
日六廿月十年一八九一公年十七國民華中 有赦聞滩
與格下降所抵銷:一 相同。九月份內商品假格及服務費的上升,大致爾食品價格,尤其是蔬菜 中、乙兩類消費物低指數分别餎一二一及一二〇,每類均與對上一個月者 (枫》政府娡計處昨日公佈一九八一年九月份的消費物價指數。新
百分之十五點五及十四五 十四出二及百分之十三二,而在十一個月期間按年推算的擔加分別達 D
飯,一九八○年九月之指数百
下周兩類消费物價指數所包括的九組别商品,服務的一九八一年九月份 溶醤物很抱歉對象家庭的每月開支爲三千五百元至大千四百九十九元。以嫡 指歟對象家鲢在該期間的年月開支系一千元至三千四百九十九元。新乙類 中百分之五十和百分之三十的市區住戶黹支方式來編髮。新甲類消費物價 ̇:甲、乙兩類新消費物價指數是根據一九七九至八〇年民住戶開度調查。
一個月的期間內,一九八〇年十月至一九八一年九月,分别上升百分之一 自新消費物股指數由一九八〇年十月開始採用以來-雨類指數已在十
們關於本星期五向元朗簽署報到。(合)
近香鹹路 ·没烁路障,截獲十四那私家車。... 涉雄參加非法賽車而被捕。該批男女分別准以現金五百至二千押担保,他 ... 該批私家車扣留在元朗安署,以待進行檢驗。三十六男子及五名女子。 一劵及扣留了十四部髮會改裝私家車。 :昨長變是約一時,元朗警察分局與新界衝鋒除人員,在石荃錦公路 〔特凯 警方昨晨在石崗執行一項截查非法賽車行動中,拘捕了四十
九月消費物價指數
物價互有升降抵銷指數 甲乙兩類維持不變
警方截查飛車黨又奏效
石崗路障扣留十四部私家車
疑涉非法賽車
拘四十一男女
「本港新聞
GEREKSEEN.
E
13
一九八一年,一九八一年
一九八一年. - 一九八 新乙類消賨物恒指皮
八月
九月
U
1The
11
MAIK
PIK.
1TK
K
燃料及電力
酒(家用)
IK
11
· 1 · M.
TME
耐用物品
#項物品
SENIOR
JOR
UNE
TOR
FIMO PUMA
交通及車輛
E
O
所有 别
TO 110
上升兩點。 比賽入場票體上升,服務組別之新思類消費物價指數上升三貼,乙類者則 之矫甲想俏臂物價推敷上升兩點,新乙類浪費物價指數則上升一點。
·由於電話服務眷,旅遊園收費,出轨,瑞整安,保齡球收費及球
·.公共小型巴士車資、校巴收發及火車學生月采價上升後,交通及車輛
戴上升兩站,新乙類遺書物股指數則犇 由於珠玄,玩具及消遣品之價格上升,雜項物品之新甲類消費物價指
,而新乙類消費物價指數上升四點。
: 由於香烟的價格上升,烟酒(家用)的新甲類實物假指數上升五站
。其他食物的零售價格變動。對粮任消費物價指數的影響不大。
-櫙焦組附的新鮮蔬菜之平均零售價則大降。另一方面,鹹水魚、鮮果、 包、西餅及餅乾的平均零售價均上升。在衝樓餐屡用醉之平均脊用亦升, 由於以整熬站露,粮食的新甲、乙兩類消登物價指數均無變動,但驚
其他租别沱背商品的似格變動不大。
指數報告」內部粒理出,該報告現已在淛樂威塔郵政楼大厦地下政府刊物中 这些消費商品的價格變動詳細資料已在一九八一年九月份「消費物價
機及十四岛翻版淼影帶 海關人員在紅磡收獲一間錄影帶製造中心,並搜獲三榮電鹌卌-六部錄影, 被捕者包括四名男子及一名女子。他們均獲保伊 - 以待進一步絪查 。該名男子當時正交迭一些超版錄影帶與另一名男子,經進一步調查後, 海關人埴於按躞縦讯,前日下午在尖沙咀一間商店內截查一名男子
銷售處及售,每本售價兩元
捕五名人士及搜獲大姓融发 錄影帶,價值約爾五萬兒。 (蓉說) 海關澳查科人及前日破後一個擬造和底錄映帶的組織,並拘
海關調查人員搜紅磡一單位
破翻版錄影帶機關 五名男女涉嫌被捕
[浩飙方昨日】
TKHENEK - 20
·驶出一名披通鞬年男
涉嫌綁架男童
警方緝梁華災上月在九飛發生で
一宗綁架案有關。 ? .
瀚
樂就在下午一時十五分左右發生,一名十一歲男童在油戏
梁华除,十七歲,身高約一點五九米及中等身型。
任何人士如知悉他的下荠者請致電警察熱錢五—,二七七一七七或向的
地迫人機走''
事主在翌日晚上九時許在荃灣一樓宇內被警方莽回,並米受傷。
1982
中學會考試題預習專欄
經
濟
王春光 明德出版社陳冠德提供資料
Economics (4)
K.K. Wong & L.T. Chan
MILL & DALE PRESS LTD.
Division of labour
1. Introduction
Human being are interdependent because we cannot live without
the help of other members in the commu- nity. Ve all special- ize in some sort of. job in the society in order to produce some useful commodities or services, In other words, we cannot produce all the goods and services we need for our survival. Ve. can only participate in part of the produc- tion activities and exchange with others.
Therefore, specializ- ation is essential,
For the same token, in modern economy, the production operation. are so complex that there is an increasing use of capital in
production and the adoption of mass production system. Usually the production activities are divided
into different processes and sub- processes in which every process is assigned to particular group of worders or. individuals, Therefore, only a small part of the work is undertaken by one person, or a group, each of whom specializes in a single process.
By the same way, because of the
existence of inter- national trade system, different commodities. "are produced by
different countries, depending upon climate, oil, availability of raw materials and labour. It is also said to be a kind of specialization into different countries.
Definition of division of labour
In a narrower senge, division of labour means that the manufacturing process is broden down into a series of separate activi ties, each of which is performed by a separate operation carried out by particular person or particular group of wordors..
B. In a broader sense, division of labour means the separation of production into different stages and occupations, which are carried out by different firms in
manufacturing.
industries such as the spinning sector, weaving sector,
knitting sector,
finishing sector and
the broadest
A making sector
sense, division of labour 'may refer to înternational division of labour which is the origin
of international
trade. It means that each country specializes in manufacturing some products and exchanges it with the other countries through internation- al markets. Consequently, each country would obtain comparative advan- tages from the exchange behavior. Aims of division of labour
The main aim of division of labour system is to increase. output. In other words, it can increase
the productivity by making full use of productive resources including labour,. land, machinery and equipment so as to
increase the quantity of the products and to improve the quality of products. As a result, through the
the division
of labour, production becomes more efficient and effective.
Types of division of Tabour
A. Simple division of
Labour
It refers to the. specialization of one trade and industry by a particular specia- list or firm or manufacturing unit, For instance, in the economy there isTM natural division of production perform- ed by various firns and people such as engineers, bakers, shoemakers and carpanters, etc.
B. Complex division of
labour.
... It refers to the specialization of
more, detailed process or sub- procesa by parti- cular firm or production unit. It is the further division" of work". into particular. aspect of a special trade. Usually, the production processes are more complex. The breaking down of production process of car manufacturing is an example. C. International
division of labour . It refers to the specialization of particular trade or industry by the
special country. Since modern technology has developed speciali zation so that the
geographical
specialization
becomes possible. For example, each country would specialize in one product which is world famous. Scotch whisky, and Swiss watches are demanded everywhere, Advantages of division of labour
B.
A. increased out output,
great skills of the workers because of practicing,
a saving of time by keeping to single process,
make full use of
machinery and
equipment,
S provide more employ
ment opportunities
to the specialists,
F. standardize the
quality of the products,
the workers would
become less fatigue
by the same
division of labour system,
H. reduced cost
production,
For international
specialization of
labour, each country cou fully utilize its productive resources and there are greater compara- tive advatages over. them
Disadvantages of... division of labour
A. monotony of the work,
greater risk of unemployment because of highly specializ- ed emplotment, loss of job satis– faction leads to decline of craftsmanship,
if there is delay in completing one part of work, the entire production schedule would be hindered, the workers may suffer perform occupational disease Limitations to division of labour
Although the division system is generally of cabon used in modern
manufacturing industries, there are sume limitation..?! A. The extent of the
market
Since division of labour allows maas production, the output of production is increased in large quantities. There is a problem
that some goods are not in mass demand such as bacon cutters cutters, ham slicers, etc. In other words, the markets demand of these goods may not need the production system. Sometimes the manufacturing can be performed by sole producer to the heat of his ability. D. Technical
impossibi ility
mass
Sometimes it is
difficult to sub
divide a production process into a
number of sub- processes. When each process has been reduced to a minimum activity, it is impossible to make further division of labour possible. Greater risk in production
Because of the breaking down of production activity: the production of Farge output becomes more risky. Entre- preneurs will suffer from any economic. declines such as
inadequate monetary system, inflation problem and
unemployment problem.
歷 史
明德出版社胡亮提供資料
HISTORY (4)
Philip Y.L. Woo
Mill & Dale Press Ltd. -CHINA 1862-1900
The Ch'ing Dynasty ruled China at this time. Its power was on the decline during the 19th century. For example, there were many. rebellions trying to overthrow it, Then in the mid-19th century the Westerners came and· · threatened it militarily (the 1st and 2nd Opium Wars). This quickened the decline of the Ching Dynasty but it alone did not cause it. Both internal and external factors helped explain the decline of the Ch'ing Dynasty.MAS
1. Self-Strengthenang.
Movement - This Mas from 1862 to 1894, Only military- technological reforms were attempted. They failed to strengthen China. One reason was that the mere copying of military- technological changes alone could not strengthen the
country, Much depended on the ability to use. military technological
things, which there- fore. depended on education and the villingness among the people to be educated in the Western way. Changes should therefore be thorough, or else limited changes could never reform a country (and behind it the deep- rooted civilization at large) successfully. 2. Sino-Japanese War
This was from 1894 to 18957 After successful. modernization, Jupani tried to obtain. imperialist possessions like colonies. She. wanted Korea, Chi, Thai
tried to stop her. War resulted. China was. badly defeated. This showed the failure of China's. Self-" Strengthening Movement.
3. The Scramble
for
Concessions - This was from about 1895 to 1900. Before the Sino- Japanese War of 1894. 95, Western powers believed that the Ch'ing Dynasty, although weak, could maintain lay and order, so that trade would prosper. Trade was what Western powers (mainly Britain) wanted from China, However, China's defeat in the Sino-Japanese War made Western povers believe
that they must get from China territorial concessions before other powers did so first. Western powers bad lost confidence in the effectiveness, of the rule of the Ch'ing Dynasty. When one power obtained from the Ch'ing Dynasty a certain territorial concession; other
powers became fearful. and derianded the sacie. This led to the Scramble for: Concessions. China was nearly partitioned, Before 1895, Western demand was commercial, If one power obtained a certain, commercial concession, other ̈ powers would enjoy it automatically due to
the most-favoured- nation clause. After 1895, Western demand was territorial. Eachi power wanted to get exclusive Y
territorial concessions from China, that is, concessi ous that the power enjoyed alone,
The Hundred Day Reform - This happened in 1898, from June to September. It was about 100 days, so the nawe. From 1895 to 1898, many young Chinese scholars became very worried about China's future. There were two main reasons: (a) defeat in the Sino-Japanese War (China had always regarded Japan us being inférior but this time China was defeated and: humiliated by Japan) (b) the Scramble for Concessions (Young scholars fel that something must be done Lo save China, before it was too late). Within the Ching
court, the young Emperor Kuang-hsu(2) struggled for pover with his aunt the Empress Dowager, Kuang-hsu invited young scholars like Kang Yu-weiVKA/B) and Liang Ch'i-ch'ao (404) to the Ching court and attempted reform. The motives were (a) to save China(b) to obtain power from the Empress Dowager. They were reformer's, as, /
they tried to reform China. The reform
movement
was called the
the Hundred Day Reform.
During the Self- Strengthening movement (1862-94), reform measures were carried
out in the provinces. The young reformers of 1898 felt that this
was
s one. reason for the
lure. So they...
out reform measures in Peking, the capital, hoping that this would ensure nation-wide reform changes. However, in the end, the Empress Dounger came forth, imprisoned the Emperor Kuang-hsu, killed many of the reformers, and. turned China back to: the old situation.
The Boxer Uprising This happened in 1900–
1901. As we said in the beginning, the Ching Dynasty was on the decline. It could not control the countryside. effectively. Many
secret societies (which ained at rebelling against the Dynasty) became active. Peasants and common people suffered They hated foreigners. because (a) of the tradition of anti- foreignism (b) foreigners threatened. their livelihood, in 'many ways. In other
words, common people hated hotir the Ching Dynasty (who in their eyes failed to protect them and give them a good living) and foreigners (who were called foreign devils Many common people killed foreigners in North China, - especially in Shantung. The Ch'ing Dynasty did not suppress these people because (a) it was equally anti-foreign (b) it tried to put all the blame on foreigners for social and political problems. Because of (b), the Ch*ing Dynasty actively supported the common people în resisting foreigners. These common people verc called Boxers because many of thêm practised boxing, and the disturbance was called the Boxer Uprising - In other words, the Boxer Uprising was at, first against the Ch'ing Dynasty and in the end against foreigners (as the Ching Dynasty supported the Boxers to do so). The foreign powers gathered an army, invaded Peking, drove away the Boxérs and threatened the Ch'ing court. Although China was not partitioned among foreign powers (the possibility of partitioning was very real), she was greatly bumilitated,