周二第張六第 日九十月三年酉辛巂夏
1981
中學會考試題預習專欄
經湾及公共事務()
王啟光提供资料 明德出版社陳勵德
Economic & Public Affairs (27)
K. K. Wong & L. T. Chan
MILL & DALE PRESS LTD.
Suggested Paper I
Section A
1. (a) What is a firm? (marks).
(b) What is a limited
company? Describe its characteristics.
(15 marks). (c) Describe the functions of
stock exchange, (8 marks)
(a) A firm is a business unit
formed for the purpose of carrying on some kind of economic activity. It is the basic unit of production. Most business firms are privately owned and motivated by profits. It should be noted that the ownership of a firm is a decisive factor affecting. the firm's behaviour.
(b) Limited company is a legal
form of enterprise
designed to take advantage of large-scale production methods by pooling the
wealth of many people into
a single enterprise while-
́at the same time
maintaining centralized control over and.. responsibility for the operations.
The main feature of a limited company is that the liability of the shareholder is limited to the fully paid-up value of the shares he holds, It means that whenever the company! finds itself in difficulties and unable to meet the claims of its creditors, the shareholder can lose
no more than the amount he has invested, the rest of his wealth being free from any claims by the company's creditors. In Hong Kong, limited company 18 set up under the Companies Ordinance. Each limited company is a legal entity, i.e., it is treated as a legal person and has the right to sue - and to be sued. It can own
property in its name and makes contracts. The
WAH KIU YAT PO
capital of the company is divided into shares and
the shareholders normally
do not manage the firm. A Board of Directors is elected in the Annual
General Meeting of all the shareholders and it is responsible to the shareholders.
(c) Stock exchange performs
the following functions:
i) It acts as a channel
through which savings of the public can be ⠀⠀ invested in public. companies,
ii). It acts as a capital
market in which public. companies can raise capital efficiently.
ii) It reflects the economic
conditions of the
country under normal circumstances.
iv) It helps increase the
mobility of loanable funds in the economy. It provides information on business. performance and
prospects of each firmi quoted on it.
2(a) Why taxation is necessary
and what principles of taxation should be: observed?
(12 marks)
(b) Distinguish between direct ́and indirect taxes so as to show their advantages and disadvantages. (18 marks)
(a) Taxation is necessary.for the following reasons:
To cover the expenditure of general administration,
defence, law and order, social and economic services provided by the Government;
ii) To check the
consumption of commodities regarded. as harmful, such as tobacco,..
iii) To reduce inequality
of incomes-by imposing progressive income tax; and a
iv) To serve as an policy
instrument in
regulating the price. and employment level of the economy. Four basic principles of taxation should be
observed as follows. In the first place, taxation should be equal in the sense that the amounts people pay in taxes should be. proportional to their Incomes, Secondly, the amount of taxes to be paid
should be certain. Thirdly,
there should be
報日僑
convenience of payment and collection. Fourthly, the collection of taxes should be economical, i, e. the yield should be greater than the cost of collection.
(b) The difference between
direct and indirect taxes may be describe as follow's:
1) Direct taxes fall
largely on income, They are closely related to the ability to pay. Indirect taxes fall on consumption.
A direct tax falls directly on the persons taxed and so cannot be avoided. An indirect tax, being paid
indirectly as part of the payment for some commodity or service,. can be avoided to the extent that the .consumer cuts down consumption of the
goods or services so taxed.
lil) Income tax, an item of
direct taxes, is usually progressive. This means that the higher the income, the greater the proportion of it that has to be paid in taxation. A tax imposed upon a commodity, an Item of indirect taxes, does not fall entirely. on the buyer. The incidence of the tax depends on the elasticity of demand for the commodity. If the demand is relatively inelastic, the seller will be able to raise its price by a large proportion of the tax, and a large proportion of the tax burden is transferred to the buyer. If the demand is relatively elastic, the seller can hardly raise its price and he will have to take up a large proportion of the tax as a result.
iv) The basic principle of
direct taxation is that a more equitable distribution of income and wealth can be attained. The basic principle of indirect taxation is that it should be spread over
a range of commodities as wide as possible, and it ensures that people of widely different tastes are
called upon to pay some
taxes.
四期星
The advantages and
disadvantages of direct and indirect taxes can be described as below:
i) An excessively high
income tax may reduce the incentive to work of people in the high-and
middle-income groups, and also discourage people to work overtime..
11) A sales tax imposed on
the cheaper, common and necessary goods would make the poor pay more than the rich. iii) It is generally
recognised that direct taxation is more equitable than indirect taxation. A
iv) High profits tax, as an
item of direct taxes, discourages people's incentive to Invest and
willingness to improve their business. The cost of collecting direct taxes is higher than that of collecting indirect taxes.
vi) Evasion of direct taxes
is easier than that of indirect taxes. vilindirect taxes can be
used to restrict consumption of certain commodities such as liquors and tobacco,
(a) Discuss the economies of
large-scale production..
(20 marks) (b) Explain why some small
firms still exist.
(10 marks) (a) Economies of large-scale
production can be achieved by the policy manipulations within the firm. Generally Speaking, when output increases, the average cost of production tends to fall over normal ranges of output. The following are. some of the main economies of scale enjoyed by large scale production.
i) Economies in the use.
of factors of production The total costs of output increase less than proportionately. for a large output than a small one. Since large scale production may need more labour force, a greater division of labour will:
most probably bet
employed.
Consequently, the
日三廿月四年一八九一鹏公年十七國民華中育敏係部
average output per
man-hour can be
expected to rise and qualified specialists can be introduced. In addition, a larger firm will attract more efficient labour because it can offer its employees better propects of promotion to higher-paid posts.
Greater division of labout also enables a more capitalistic method of production and the employment of more specialized machinery, Large scale of production is. able to use its materials more economically, for what might be waste to a small firm can often be used by a large firm in the manufacture of by-products,
iil, Economies of
administration
As far as economies of administration is concerned, in divisioni of labour, a larger firm is able to attain a more efficient use of labour and better management methods.
iii) Marketing economies.
It is generally the case that a large firm can. buy more cheaply than a small one, for it buys raw materials,
component parts, etc. in bulk. Hence it enjoys the quantity discount. for large purchases. Similarly, a large retailer can buy directly from the producer at a lower price than that charged by the wholesaler, As far as advertising and promotions are concerned, a large firm is able to afford a higher spending on these items than a small firin.
iv) Economies in finance
Large firms generally are considered to be safer borrowers by the. banks, thus they can borrow money from banks at a lower rate of interest,
Economies in research. Large firms again have advantages over the small, for they can set
up their own research departments, have their own laboratories, and can employ a large number of trained. research workers. In this way, a large firm is able to study betterments for the company and innovate products for the company's growth.
vi) Economies in welfare
A large firm is financially able to provide long-run, extensive welfare facilities and improve the working conditions for its employees...
(b) Even though large firms
can enjoy the advantages through large scale production, the fact that small firms still survive indicates the following reasons:-
1) The size of the
business tends to be small where .
a) the work involves the provision of-direct services, for
instance, doctors, accountants, dentists, b) the work can be done by craftsmen e.g. in tailoring.
c) a personal service
provided, such as that of the domestic plumber or electrician.
i) Sometimes, many
small retailers can survive because they have been able to give personal attention to the particular pa requirements of their own group of customers who are willing to pay a little more for this service.
ii) Small firms are just suitable in supplying enough quantities when; there is only a limited
demand for a commodity in the market.
iv) In some forms of
production, costs. quickly start to rise as production expands, and so the most. economical unit is the small firm, or in other words, the
firm should be sm
optimum size of the
味,公
取消目前學能測驗 以中英數測驗替代
検討中學學位分配小組建議
KETEMTA M 畢業生便會一嵇蛛選
就棄而作取格。 在此情况下,小六
校內的中四及五事位 RE-EXTEREY
中學,以致他們更早要,
BAKKENGER:
分配辦法。· 府惠成立一個永久性的監察祖織,經常檢討學位一中,大部份人士獻逐意依據或橫來分配墨位,因 一的減驗,以代替身館的衆能測驗,同時,爲政,根埋工作小組一平來收獲的六十一份就比雄 舉行另一項以森癌爲重心及盈用中、英、數三科 佳的學位分配辦法。杨 致育署檢对中學學位分襜浊工作小組建透,分派半拉善法盡可遜免沿用,並進一步研究出最 現時的辦法,除了不公平外,還使學生有樟彩的
經常進行檢討學位分配辦法 政府應設壹永久性監察組織 教育署長許瑜望各界七月底前提意見、大家合作
組衆告。遭何由教育署及專業人致組成的工作 ',激署昨日發表槍對中學學位分配辦法工作小·心理。
改善及修訂的常見。 一小組,以一年的時間檢討現行的中學位分能轉 浩,魏小祖在今年一月完成毅告,提出一迎来的,更语一致,以及小學入學受到膂制, 强学校制 萬便通于保留,並加以演我和修改,以量拉近 此外,工作小檻又在寫,只要各种聚的水速 直屬學校保留百分五十學位
將用三月時間收集市民意見
·教育妥等受奸系砟日公佈道報告書內容,
秦段可能開一九八三年
;一項暫行措施,進造有足够的資助學校及官立
基將用三個月時間,收坐市民意見,然後正式營 空中一學位分厄里小六畢業生,並由一九八三年
訂派位葬法。1
球大有限
角質
盡量避免採用隨機分派學位
難,此舉有助發剛學校 學會的水準。 「度,便可由當局加以控制;同時檢时日前的隨機 後决定。「運」。 獲分証的學生在學能上的差距應達到可接受的程,有關方面必先邳爾著重公案黑后,方合作出最 工作小組支英泰學位分配辦法暾住民一學校出任何髙餘將會質及市民對出的意見,他强找 一些用文章作答的,但基於實際需要,大部分題目:六学校網 一分塔二,以應甄界大埔區及北區的
·两只限於激育署的職員。同時,試題必須包括中,助中學均獲號爲質相等的學校;現時的新界第 也愛的樂極爲圾禁,而參與擬送工作的人位,不,选中里的分祀里,均西保留·派位時,客立及說 小組亞爲:「新測啟」廬以課程發展委員會: 資助文法中學(英文中麒及中文中學及私立文 中、英、數三科的學科測驗来代替現行的手能測到一按網制控工作小精娆:現時事校 工作小組的主要建霞內容是,認爲當局發以一起,應根據所有中一班緩,包括「爭點」班,來 訂定真蛋帼校可保留的學位園區。 繼的群股結構及宮畫,與瑪內工粜學校、聳立及 MECHSVIH 1. maan | EITBERKE
但仍用多項選擇題。
中學學位分配辦法
旨在減輕考試壓力
使到酷港學生有均等的
e 車位分配辦法的目的。.
,但氏說,依照中一
KAR 営時他是在釉多利依賴一日內的考試打出 獲派機會,及減輕其将那位分派蕃法的校內成 FEDEZ NJËR
級助理署長包樂驚:助租署長林姿。 暑長鉾瑜(中)在會上公布有關內容,八左
致育署就中學學位分配郭告害梁行記者食, 慈,檢討本港狄育制度」因事不能發源淛歡你對任一題,作本題 講..
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