六期星
日八十月四年一八九一公年十七國民中
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工人俱樂部舉行
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2. SEZON EKEDES- 180 馆 - 染行一塲歌簇分及保、郭之專用名 i在灣仔伊利沙伯泰爾·內容包括··熱之收集.. 日八星期四乙晚上八時日講題:一葉知二 工人俱樂部定于四月炘月份過末座。五月二 港九工會聯合會, 工人俱樂部主嶴五 桌上的號,坐
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黨組織與人際關係 主講者:李汝大。五月
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千四百元至一千七百元。
EP
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1981
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"Geography (26)
Y. Y. Lee
MILL & DALE PRESS LTD.
51. Both Hong Kong and Japan
are important manufacturing countries in Asia. Compare and contrast the reasons for the rise of manufacturing industries in these two Countries.
Suggested Answer:
Hong Kong and Japan are now important industrial countries in Asia, Both of them experienced rapid industrial. growth In the last 25 years. A comparison and contrast of the advantages and disadvantages the the two countries possess.can be made as follow:
Advantages:
Historical factors.
In Hong Kong, industrial development was a totally new phase of economy emerged in the city since 1949. The turn was chiefly benefited' by the political changes in the surrounding areas. Before 1949, the economy of Hong Kong mainly relied on entrepot trade, in which, goods from and to China composed the largest sector, But the changes, in China herself and the embargo on trade with China imposed by. the western countries during To the.
e. Korean War had led to a dramatic decrease in the import export trade with -China. It was be becoming
obvious that the colony could no longer rely on entrepot trade and had to develop a new type of productive activity to support the growing
population. The solution
truned out to bc.
Industrialization,
st
The case in Japan 18: quite "*'-different one. Although
rapid industrial growth is also a post-war phenomenon. the country had already laid the basis for industrialization before the Second World War. This historical hertage, which meant also
accumulation of technical: experience, of course promised the country a good start in industrialization. Yet, the wars in Korea and Indo-China have also helped alut because the USA gdernment bought cheaper. ammunition and other requirement from Japan.
2. Supply of power resources
Both Hong Kong and Japan are relatively poor in the supply of power resources for industrial development.
I Hong Kong, no coal or petroleum is found, and there. is no swift-flowing and large river to produce H, E. P. Fortunately the problem can be easily alleviated by its
1 being a route focus in the
world. Adequate coal, petroleum and natural gas
A are supplied by ocean
transport.
In Japan, the stock of, energy resources is also in large measure meagre. Among the three common. forms of power resources, HE. P. is the most promining. For coal, the reserves are limited and are mostly poor in quality. Petroleum supplies are insufficient to meet the Increasing demand. Thus,
Japan has to rely
considerably on the importation of power resources from.other Countries, especially oil from Middle East.
Supply of raw materials
Similar to the supply of power resources, Hong Kong
produces scarecely anymo
significant quantity of raw
materials for industry;
However, contributed by her good harbour and well-equipped facilities for distant oceanic transport,
importation of raw materials. from Mainland China as well as other countries is easy. Japan is also seriously short of industrial raw materials, but this does not. cause great difficulty in her industrial development too. As it is net far from other Asiatic countries which are always good raw material - suppliers, raw materials can be easily obtained, e.g. rubber and tin from Malaysia, Cotton from India and Pakistan.
Transportation system.
The Victoria Harbour is perhaps the greatest physical endowment of Hong Kong. It is an excellent natural. harbour, the water is deep, it is well-sheltered on all sides, with small tidal range and is” well facilitated. Such a good harbour, together with the up-to-date container cargo service; its situation in the world main routes; its freedom from import duties on most goods and its efficient marine police, all have helped a lot in alleviating many of the. problems. They render of easy importation of raw materials and exportation of finished products. Internal transport is also covenient. Linking up the industrial sectors on both sides of the; harbour, ferry boats are in regular services. For land transport, main roads, flyovers, tunnels are constructed.
Transportation in Japan is. excellent too. Despite the hilly nature of the country,, roads are constructed along the coast to link up the industrial regions, Her cheap oceanic transport also facilitates the import of raw materials and power and the export of manufactured goods. 5.Supply of labour = *,
The early industrial development of Hong Kong was favoured by the spectacular influx of refugees from Mainland China. The dense population provides sufficient labour, both skilful and unskilful.
In Japan, people are mostly concentrated in great cities such as Tokyo, Osakā and Nagoya. The large population of these cities also provide a large reservoir of Tabour to work in the. factories. Besides, due to the early start of
we
industrialization, the labour force in Japan is quite skilful! and is wellknown for imitation.
6. Capital
Capital is sufficient in Hong Kong for the development of industry. It is partly due to the large amount of capital which was carried down from China by the immigrants. Besides, the political stability of Hong Kong: its relatively low- income and profit taxes and its cheap and abundant labour. also attract a lot of foreign capital to flow into the colony.
Capital is abundant int Japan, too. The successful. birth control in the country has slowered the population growth rate and reduce family size, thus a large portion of household income can be reserved as savings and is encouraged to invest in the. industrial sector. Financial aid from the United States has been a drive of the post-war industrial growth of Japan too. Moreover, large amount of foreign capital is also obtained as attracted by her cheap and skilful labour. 7. Market
The dense population in Hong Kong forms a very good
For
local market. external market, Hong Kong goods are generally welcome
the
by other countries and are t popular because of top-class
quality and competitive
prices. In spite of the quotas set up by the UK and USA etc., Hong Kong still finds large external markets in other countries,, such as those in South American, Africa, Middle East and SE- Asia. Besides, being a. member of the British Commonwealth, Hong Kong enjoys British Commonwealth Preference,
Large market is also available in Japan, both internally externally. Her dense population with high consumption power forms good internal market, The developing countries in Asia. form favourable foreign markets for the Japanese manufactured goods easily find large markets in North. America and other countries. as well. *
8. Encouragement and efforts
of the Governments
At the same time, government of both the two countries have done much in encouraging manufacturing. In Hong Kong, lands were allocated for the development of industrial satellite towns, the water supply systems was improved, and the
government also participates in the various trade fairs to introduce the goods of long Kong to other countries.
In Japan, vast amount of surplus in the national income has been ploughed back in the development of - public utilities, such as in the construction of highways and railways, harbour facilities and water supply. projects, which have, in turn, induced development of private enterprises in great strides.
Disadvantages:
However, there are also unfavourable factors which the two countries have to face. The. most important ones are: 1. Limited Industrial Land" }; -
Supply
Both Hong Kong and Japan suffer from limited industrial land supply because of their hilly nature. In Hong Kong, in order to solve the problem, the government has been trying her best to provide new land, mainly by levelling the
hills art reclamation Similar works are done in
orks are con Japan too, 2. Shortage of Raw Materials
and Power Resources
Although the shortage of raw materials for industrial growth can be offset by the -convenience in transportation
as discussed before, however, this cannot cut the problem to the root. Too much dependency on other countries. 1s nevertheless not secure at all, such as the present energy crisis certainly gives a heavy blow upon their development.
52. The large scale development
of industry in China largely dates from the communist period beginning in 1949. Many new industrial regions are developed under the recent industrial policy of China, However, Urumchi, the western province of Sinkiang began its industry in the late 50's..
a. Give an account of the
drawbacks which hintered the development of Urumchi before late 50's. b. List the favourable factors
of the recent industrial development in it.
Suggested Answer:
a Handicaps in the past
The industrial growth in Urumchi, the capital of the far western province of Sinkiang, is a relatively recent phenonmenon.. Its industrial development before the late 50's was. hindered by
some physical drawbacks as listed below:
1. Urumchi, being situated in Sinklang, is remote from China Proper. Before the war railways those western provinces were not well constructed, Communication was inconvenient in those days. 2.Its climate and relief does
not favour development, too.. The region consists of high mountain ranges and deep intermontane basins and experiences an arid climates.
b. Factors encouraging the
Post-war industrial Growth
.... Urumchi is now an
industrial centre in the
northwestern part of China as
favoured by the following conditions:
1. Political and Strategic
Importance:
The industrial. development of Urumchi
was chiefly carried out for political and strategic
reasons. Situating near the atomic testing ground near the atomic testing ground near Lop Nor, it is of a location of strategic importance.
2. Commanding Position of
Important Routes
Urumchi, being a gap town in Tiên Shar, controls the Tarim and Dzungarianı Basins Improvement in the transportation with other parts of China is more. decisive. With the construction of Kansu Sinkiang Railway, Ürümchi is now easily accessible. Besides, roads are also constructed to facilitate the transport of materials and products. Sufficient Power Supply a. Petroleum Ne
Oil is exploited at Karamai, Kucha and Aksu, and is piped to the refinery at Urumchi, Thermal electricity is supplied. H.E. P.
Power is also supplied from a nearby H. E. P. station on the Urumchi River to the south, Abundant Raw Materials a.Agricultural Products:
Agricultural products can be obtained from the irrigated land in the cases on the southern and northern slopes of Tien Shan, such as those at Turfan and Hami, encourage industrial. development, Industrial crops such as fruits and cereals for processing and cotton for textiles or textiles are important.. b. Softwood timber
Softwood timber is produced from the coniferous forests on the surrounding high- mountains for pulp and paper and other timber based industries. Pastoral Products
The basins are also rich":
in pastoral products which help to develop meat processing industry, woollen textiles and leather goods manufacturing.
d. Oll
The rish vil reserve
there supplies crude oil for refinery and its by-products for various types of chemical industry.
e Iron and coal
Iron and coal are supplied from the mines in the neighbourhood arcas, such as highgraded iron urg, near. Urumchi and from a nearby city, Hami. Iron and steel plants and agricultural machinery factories are thus set up. 3. Reliable Water Supply
Since 1949, reservoirs have been constructed on the mountain slopes to improve irrigation, e.g、
the Leap Forward
Reservoir on the northern slope of Tien Shan not far from Urumchi..
6. Adequate Labour Supply
There has been a considerable influx of young and energetic Chinese to this region from China Proper since migration was enforced. They can endure the extreme climatic conditions there.
7. Encouragement and Efforts
of Government.
Underá series of five years plans, works are done in the region, such as the building of roads and
railways and the intensive
exploration for new
helped a lot in its
resources. They all have
industrial development.
物 ®
CHAD
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BIOLOGY (26)
Unit. 104 Genetics
20. The following a pedigree
of myopia (nearsightedness).
in which individuals
afflicted by this conditions are shaded: normal individuals are not shaded.
Male
Female
Find the genotype of the individual numbered (1) 1 "
(2) 420) (5),
E
·(6)
how can you determine the
gene which produces myopiɛ is recessive?
If individual 6 marriea individual 7, shall they produce myopia children? If so, what are the chances of normal and: myopia?
d) what is the probability
individual 2 and 9 producing
children?IER 21. X and Y are two boya, X is
genotypically short, EN WOR Predict the height of X-and- and Y at manhood if they had been" for a long period. of time during development
seriously.
(1) s
under-neurishe
(2)well-fed,
In human beings the lack of pigmentation, known as the albinism, is the result of a recessive gene (a) and normal
pigmentation is the result of its dorminant gesë (A)4 The following diagram sbows a family tree, for a number of people.
$191.00
-11 12
1314
Square
male Circle female Black M normal
pigmentation albinism
GEF
A. horizontal Line is used to link up members of the some generation. Aouble life itaten. "marriage..
The offspring of a couple
Lather by
are
connected
a vertical line. State and explain the geuntype of individuala Show clearly, using symbols A and , what the chances are of individual 11 having children who are albinos if her wife is (1) albino,
:(2) individua) 13.
e) Explain why it is not
possible to pay whether
homozygous individual 9 is
M
or heterozygous for A.
20, *) (1) 1 is beterozygous, (2)2 is heterozygous. 13) may be homozygšus
dominant or heterozygous,
(4)4 is beterozygous.
(5) 5-is homozygous Crécessive.
(6) 6 may be homozygous
r dominant or
heterozygous.
In the cross of individual 1. they are both normal, but they produced myopia children and normal; children. If the gene for ayopia is dominant, ie the geue for normal is recessive, it is- impossible to produce myopia children. Only the gene for myopia recessive can yopin children be produced,
c) If individual 6 marries
individual 7, they shall produce myopia children. Since they are both heterozygous, if the dominant gene myopia is. assumed to be M, the recessive gene to be then
MmMm.
Normal
Myop
d). The chances of normal and
myopia are 3/4 (75%) and 1/4 (25%) respectively,
d). The probability of
individuals. 2 and 9 producing homozygous children is 50%
Mm
(normal) (myopia). The nourishment will affect the development of manhood. Therefore the expected phenotypes are:
X
Y
tall short
well fed
seriously. under- 'nourished
short shorter
22,«) Individual 2:
He is heterozygous (As) since one of his children (5) is albino. Individual 5. must have received a pair of recessive genes each from one of his parents. Therefore individual 2 must one recessive gene and s dominant gene for normal pigmentation as phenotype. Individual 5:
She is homozygous (aa) since she is an albino, If she has one dorninant geue, or more, she should
normal pigmentation. Jndividual 13
show
She is heterozygous (Aa) since she receivespa. recessive gene from her mother (5) who is an ..... albinot. The fact that ghe has normal pigmentation shows that she must have aderminant gene: from bec father who is also normál pigmented..
(1) The genotype of individual li is a since he is an albino, If his wife is also an albino,
ali albins
the chances of children being albino are 4/4
or 100%. (2) If his wife is. Individual. 13 whose
genotype is Aa,
Normal
Albina
the chances of children being albino are 2/4 - 1/2. For 50%.NG
c) The parents (3 and 4), of.
individual 9 are heterozygous (A). Their phenotype indicates that they carry a dormínant. gene (A) and that their son (11) is albino: indicates that each of then also carries' a recessive gene. Since 3 and 4 are heterozygous, their normal child may either be homozygous (AA). or heterozygous (40). It ie why individual 9 cannot be determined to be homozygous or heterozygous.
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