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1981 中學會考試題預習專欄
英文
立基出版社劉浩濂提供資料
ENGLISH [11].
Stephen Lau (Foundation Press)
Dear Students,"
Now that we've talked a lot about each individual question in Paper III, we should shift our attention to another paper, Paper I..........
Before we commence our discussions, I'd like to point out that you are advised not to. leave Paper fil aside, spending all your time on other papers, and never touching it until the Certificate Examination is drawing near. Con- fucius (Kong-zi) once wrote. The essence of "knowledge is, having it, to apply it." So there is every reason for your practising questions of the type set in Paper III from time to time. Remember, constant revision is a good tip for better examination results and there is no.. short cut to success..
My treatment of this topic (essay writing) follows a very practical approach: it is problem- oriented. I think doing a whole lot of mere and irrelevant theorizing and conceptualizing would. only bore you to tears, to say the least of it.. Hence, I'm going to outline those areas which are taken into account in-marking your essays and then deal with each area in turn in detail. As in previous weeks' columns, there are also, my pinpointing common errors made by can- didates in previous years' HKCEE, and my formulating a list of hints which reminds you of the importance of some commonly ignored. precautions.
Considerations are given to the following aspects when your essays are marked: Content, Organisation, Language Skill and Accuracy. Therefore you should pay special attention to these aspects whenever you write an essay. Here, I'd like to intermingle the discussion on these aspects with that on the stages of writing. an essay. In this way you can have a better idea of what to do without having to switch your viewpoints continually.
7.
2.
First and foremost, read the instructions printed on the front page of the question paper
This includes paying special attention to the number of essays required and the time allocation for the paper. It may seem trivial at first sight, but a surprisingly large number of candidates overlooked its im- portance and hence lost marks because they sport too much time in writing their. essays and did not leave time for final. check, etc. And it is not impossible that the format of the question paper has been changed without your knowing it.
Choosing an appropriate topic.
it is essential that your choice must be made only after you've read all the topics given. Don't let the type of essay demand: ed by a particular topic mask the actual topic itself. Consider each topic in turn -- give each topic a fair chance (and hence yourself a fair chance).
What appears to you to be the caŝiest topic is not necessarily the best one for
· you. Try to choose one which you can have sufficient material to write on. Try.. not to choose a topic just because it re- 'quires' little thinking: an apathetic choice
will certainly lead to an
apathetic essay.
It doesn't pay to be lazy in ordinary class- room practice, not to speak of in public examinations, Interest and motivation are Important here.
You should also take into account that unless your essay is good, you have a small. chance of impressing the marker if the topic is a very popular one. It is pretty obvious that any marker will soon grow tired of reading the same old stuff over and over again.
What are you to do with the chosen topic?
Study carefully the wording of the. topic. Know what it asks for. If necessary, make a mark to each key word so that it stands out clear,
In previous years, the examiners kept remarking that many candidates had mis- interpreted the question and as a result reduced their. CONTENT scores. So make sure you answer the exact question and don't attempt, for example, to write much, on the reasons of building the MTR if the question asks for "the effects of the MTR on the people of Hong Kong.”
4 Collecting your ideas.
If you've made the right choice of the topic, you shouldn't have much problem here.
Try to write down any idea that comes up in your mind, relevant or apparently irrelevant. The order is not important. In all cases, you are to do a lot of sorting-out and arranging work later.. (A seemingly irrelevant point may turn out to be a relevant novel point after you've adopted a particular angle of approach.) But don't wander too far off what is asked. If the topic includes several parts, think for each part carefully. Balance is important
It is a good idea, especially in argu- meniative essays, to tabulate your ideas. this will help you avoid to be biased to a particular side.
Let's consider the following example:
Imagine that you are the editor.
of a new weekly magazine for young people to be published in Hong Kong. Say what you think the maga- zine should contain, giving your reasons,
M
For the sake of clarity,you may rewrite the topic in the following way in order to pinpoint it:
MY POSITION:
Editor
WHAT MAGAZINE:
New, Weekly. For young people
PLACE OF PUBLICATION:
Hong Kong
REQUIREMENTS:
What should the magazine contain? Why?
Since you are now an editor, you have to show that you are quite mature. You have to cater for the various needs of young people in Hong Kong and you have to explain why. Since this topic is comparative. ly wide open, defining your editorial policy, with reasons, is a good way to locate the theme of your essay, It is also a good method to begin. your essay. Also note that it is a new magazine and so you are not justified in writing, for instance, "I should follow the policy of my predecessor
One word of warning. Don't be afraid
of adding your own opinion on the topic. Indeed personal. attitudes towards a tople, especially those derived from real personal experience, are very precious in writing an original essay.
5. Planning your essay.
The CONTENT and ORGANISATION of your essay depend much on your plan- ning beforehand. As these two aspects will carry some 30% of the total marks allotted to the whole paper, it really pays to treat them seriously and not to neglect them in any way.
At this stage, check whether you have included both sides of the argument (for a discussion essay) and added in your own opinion. Then, you have to define your theme and angle of approach of the sub- ject, after which you go on to do the sorting-out work: determine what is re- levant to your theme and in what order. you're going to put your materiał.
See to it that your development of ides is logical, or better, persuasive. A simple flow-chart will help you a lot. Try. to be analytic too. Furthermore, be reason- able and keep your temper - don't let yourself burst into a fit of tage..
Let's consider an example, which will help you understand better the above points.
If you had the chance of going to a university to study, would you prefer to go to a university in Hong Kong or to one abroad?
(A) THEME: Attend a local univer
sity and the reasons why
·OUTLINE (SIMPLE FLOW CHART):
Decision
Reasons:
(1) sense of belonging in con- nection with family, etc
(2) mother is too fond of me
to let me leave her
(3) an average university abroad is no better than one in ILKS
(4) financial problem; (5) difficulties in intercultural
transactions:
Or, alternatively,
(B) THEME: Attend a university abroad and the reasons why.
OUTLINE:
Decision + Reasons:
(1) challenge;
(2) opportunity to learn foreign
expertise
(3) opportunity to live alone independenceurs 1.
(4) too keen competition in HK ← hampers proper learning.-
NOTE:
The above outlines are just examples of how all essay can be treated: they should never be taken as "perfect", "ideal" or "model" plans. Actually, the examiners commented that this. topic was "the most sterco typed" and that "there was evidence of much pre-learni material."
A definite decision should be made. A soft answer won't, do. Remember that the topic is in the form of a question, and
even
how can you be awarded high marks. If you haven't answered this question? Don't be deceived by the con- ditional tense in the question: there is no strong reason why you should write your essay altogether in the past tense. Some people may think that a student should write briefly about his educational level and bring out reasons why he should have the opportunity of going to university. This is quite un- desirable; the question has grant- ed a condition and one is not supposed to explain that those who are good at Maths
would catch this point. (Re- member your conditional prob- ability?).
How should essays be paragraphed?
There can be no fixed rule on the matter of the best length of paragraphs, although the recent trend favours short ones. The rule of thumb, "one idea, one paragraph" is often helpful. The main point is that your paragraphs are coherent and of reasonable length. Notice that your paragraphing should show your develop ment of ideas and hence should also be logical. In descriptive or narrative essays, a new paragraph can indicate a change of place and/or time, usually subsequent or consequent
And how should essays be ended? ⠀⠀⠀ For descriptive or narrative essays, the last (chronological) step can be described. On the other hand, in expositional and argumentative essays, one good way of concluding is to summarise all points mentioned in the essay and project them to a proposal or warning, for future action. In short, you should end your essays in a way which won't make your readers puz- zled what has been going on..
Is an introduction to the essay a must?
Obviously. I won't allow myself to say that it is. As a matter of fact, an in- troduction is needed when it is helpful to subsequent discussion, e.g. u brief consideration of the diversity of Chinese customs would lead logically into a discus- sion of the topic, "Many Chinese customs are falling out of use nowadays in Hong Kong. Why is this happening and what are your views about it?” In other cases, it may be omitted. Many past candidates made the mistake of writing long intro- ductions which affected the balance in the essays, and 'thus scored low marks in. ORGANISATION
A word of warning about “model” essays.:
A persuasive quote would be one from the examiners report for a past HKCEE:
There is a marked evidence that can didates are still, memorizing what they hope will be relevant" passages for use in compositions. Candidates are reminded that, if they do so, they will be penalized accordingly.
The topics set these days are usually not wide open and are in fact situational. So your hope of hitting the right topic will certainly be very dim. So don't spend any more time in learning "model" essays by: heart, instead, divert your attention to building up a habit of dealing with every topic seriously and analytically, which will be of immense help to you not only in examinations but also in dally life, Writing your essay.
Here comes the essential step. It goes. without saying that you are to try your utmost to be accurate grammatically. And
for this aspect, I'll
discuss an error analysis
of fifth formers essays in two later col- umns. Today we concentrate on some other points which are of no less import- ance
Handwriting
Legible and clear handwriting is very important. Don't put the markers in the position of having to decipher your irritant handwriting Bad handwriting breeds harsh marking. Form each letter clearly, especial ly e and e, d and cỉ, m; and 2, 4, 2 and w, and 1⁄2 and 1⁄2 and literally, "dot the i's and cross the 's".
Length:
Keep to the number of words re quired. If you write more, you increase your chance of making further grammatical mistakes. If you write less, one mark will be deducted for every five words short of 90% of the number of words required. Don't be so foolish as to give a false mum- ber of words, total at the end of the com- position. This usually alerts the marker, if anything, to the fact that the essay "feels" short.
Neatness
. If you have made a mistake and want to correct it, cross it out heatly and write the correct form on top of it. Don't in- clude arrows, especially those pointing to. nowhere (1), footnotes, etc. that are un- necessary or confusing. Some students may prefer to write in every other line, and although it is not at all mandatory, it is a good method for those who usually do their work in a slapdash manner.
What is meant by Language Skill?
In examinations, language skill is often measured in terms of your ability to ex press your ideas adequately and fluently, choose a style which is suitable to the topic, use a natural variation of sentence patterns, and command a good choice of words. These may sound abstract, but with practice, you'll be able to at least express yourself clearly, and this will be good enough in most cases. There are several things you should avoid: slangs, colloquialisms, abbreviations, irrational temarks, childish work and dull repetitions.
Beginning your essay:
You may think it ironical to discuss how to begin an essay here in the end. But I just want to emphasize that the first impression given is very important. A good start, would attract your readers to go on, It is a plain fact that a dull, opening sen tence and paragraph would make the essay appear commonplace and lower the readers' interest; remember that an org dinary beginning will come up in most of the scripts assigned to one marker. Again, my advice is: Think of an original begin- ning. The following ways of opening an essay may be helpful. But don't treat them as "model" ways to begin and force them blindly into each of your essays. it pays to think situationally.
(a) By explaining the topic.
(b) By limiting your discussion to one
aspect of the topic.
fe) By showing what your plan of attack,
is going to be.
(d) By giving an example of the topic. (e) By using a quotation, be it humorous
or startling,
(f) By using a proverb,
(g) By using an anecdote (short story). (h) By raising a (rhetorical) question. These methods can be used for nearly every type of essays provided they are used appropriately.