有教僑華冥三第張四第 日一初月一十年申庚圈夏 WAH KIU YAT PO
1981
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HISTORY (9)
Philip Y. L. Woo
MILL & DALE PRESS LTD.
(continued from last issue, on the causes of the First World War)
Nationalism as an underlying cause of the First World War A Nationalism means
patriotism, a respect for. one's fatherland and the readiness to sacrifice self-interests for the country. Nationalism did not appear in Europe until the modern age (from about the 18th century on). From 1871 to 1914, European nationalism was very strong, due to these reasons:
The unification movements of Italy and Germany in. the 1850s and 1860s These movements and their success stimulated nationalist ideas among different peoples of the world.
Rise of the modern state
and nationalist propaganda
Unlike a feudal empire, the European modern state
nationalist feeling among the people.
From 1871 to 1914, the re were these sources of nationalist conflicts:
French desire to regain Alsace-Lorraine from the Germans - France lost these places to Germany în 1871. Thereafter the desire among Frenchmen to get them back made European statesmen worried that another Franco-German war might occur. Struggle for independence among the different peoples in the Balkans The large area was under Austrian and Turkish influence, However, both Austria and Turkey were becoming weak in the 19th century. Therefore the Balkan peoples were active in fighting for independence. This created much trouble, since Austria and Russia had conflicting interests and other powers were involved in the Balkans too. Colonial race - Some people in the great powers wanted their governments. to acquire colonies overseas as a way of national glory. As we shall see, this led to much conflict between the great
powers.
Nationalism contributed to the outbreak of the First World War in these ways:
(3) The dispute between Austria and Serbia in the summer of 1914(that led to the world
war
from the end) was basically
the result of the Serbian nationalist attempt to challenge Austrian supremacy.
(b) Kings and rulers feared that
if in a dispute they showed retreat or peaceful intention, people would accuse them as being unpatriotic. Unwilling to back down and risk losing face, kings and rulers took strong measures against each other once a dispute like the Sarajevo assassination occured. As it happened, this led to war
between them.
Colonial conflicts as an
underlying cause of the First World War -
In Africa, East Asia and
elsewhere, colonial powers like
Britain, France and Germany (after 1890) often quarrelled with each other. But one must remember that not a single. colonial problem led to war between the great powers. Yet the relations between them had been considerably worsened. For example, the relations between Britain and Germany were badly affected by:
a. the British policy of
monopolizing the major share
of colonialism, and
b. the German policy of following!
Britain in struggling for more colonies.
Colonialism did not directly lead to the outbreak of the First World War. But because of y colonialism, the relations between the great powers were made from bad to worse. This made it impossible for a
peaceful settlement of a dispute once the dispute occured.
RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE GREAT POWERS FOR THE OUTBREAK OF THE FIRST WORLD WAR
These are the immediate causes of the First World War. Each of the great powers had its own responsibilities: Austria - She intended to make
use of the Sarajevo:
assassination to teach Serbia a lesson, so that Austrian. prestige would be raised and the position of Austria in the diplomatic circle of Europe would be strengthened. The ultimatum that Austria sent to Serbia was harsh and was meant to provoke war deliberately
Germany - She should not give
support to her ally, Austria, which made Austria even more confident to make war on Serbia, Germany had little interest in the Balkans, Her support for Austria was therefore meaningless. The Kaiser just felt that because a prince was murdered at Sarajevo, all European monarchs should stand together to punish the criminal, Serbia in this case. When Russia mobilized troops, Germeny made the decision to attack France and Russia at the same time. This turned the local disupte into one among the great powers. Besides, once German troops marched against France and Russia, there was no hope for a peaceful settlement. The Kaiser, William II, was a military man. He saw things in military terms. The steps he took (or approved) led Germany to disaster.
Russia
She intended to fish in troubled water during the dispute between Austria and Serbia. And Russia.could not let Serbia crushed by Austria, So Russia mobilized her troops. Although mobilization of this sort did not necessarily mean war, Russia was the first power to mobilize troops. Once mobilization was underway, other powers feared that they might be left behind, so they mobilized too, such as Germany and Austria. This made peaceful negotiation difficult because military leaders feared, as time went by,
that their country was in an increasingly
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disadvantageous position. In the end, the Kaiser of Germany listened to the views of militarists, who argued for a quick war against both France and Russia
France - She was attacked by
Germany, and did not have much responsibility for the war. The only responsibility was that France did little to restrain her ally Russia; Russia thought that she had France as ally. Thus strong policy against Austria and Germany
Britain Britain tried to
arrange for a peaceful settlement after the Sarajevo assassination. But the attempt was inadequate. British leaders felt that Germany and Austria would not dare to challenge France, Russia and Britain together. As it happened, this prediction was wrong. When at the last moment. Britain tried more active
ways to mediate, it was too late. War was on.
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ECONOMICS (9)
K. K. Wong & L. T. Chắn MILL & DALE PRESS LTD.
LOCATION OF INDUSTRY
Factors Affecting Location Of Industry
There are many factors that affect the location of an industry. However, many of these factors are economic in nature and have a bearing on costs of production. Thus, the fundamental principle underlying location of industry is the cost of production i, e. the production of a commodity tends to be located where it can be carried on at the lowest unit: costs of production. The following are some of the important factors affecting location of industry. (a) Land is an important
Influencing factor on location especially for industries which need more space and In a place like Hong Kong where land value is high, Thus, amply supply of land at resonable value is crucial to a particular industry concerned. e.g. shipbuilding in Hong Kong.
(b) Everyong
industry needs a certain amount of labour for its production. The quality and behaviour of labour are both important to many Industries nowadays. Hence, there should be a sufficient supply of adequately skilled. labour at reasonable cost available.
(c) Availability of raw materials
also affects the location. This especially true in. cases where raw materials are heavy or bulky and therefore expensive to transport. In such cases, proximity to raw materials can be a dominant factor on location of industry. The supply concessions of power and water are also. important in determining the location of an industry. Accessibility to markets is crucial for an industry and the impact of this factor depends upon the nature of
(d)
(e)
the product and the
availability of suitable means
of transport. Nearness to markets is important for
bulky products while easy
les which export a
output.
proportion of their
(f) Climatic condition is also a
determining factor for
certain industries since some products are not suitable to be produced under certain types of climate.
A critical factor affecting location of industry is the existence of external economies of scale in an area, since a lot of advantages can be realized in such a location,
(h) Finally, the government has great influences over the location of an industry and its impacts are indeed increasing nowadays. Localisation Of Industries
Advantages of localisation of industry
When an industry is concentrated in one area, the following advantages can be accrued:
(a) If an industry is highly
concentrated in an area, it becomes possible for
individual firms to specialise in single processes or in particular varieties of a commodity. This division of labour will increase output and lower the cost of production.
(b) Localisation in an area
enables the development of a reservoir of skilled labour force in that particular area. New firms will be attracted to the location because a supply of suitable skilled labour is available and economies of scale will further be enhanced. (c) When an industry is highly
concentrated, subsidiary and ancillary industries will grow to meet the needs of the major industry.
(d) Furthermore, the community
may be benefited because of the existence of an organised Industry and market e.g. various goods and services may be available in fairly adequate quantities. Disadvantages of localisation of industry
However, there are also disadvantages for localisation of industry and they are:
(a) If an area is dependent on a single basic industry, there will be the risk of structural unemployment resulting from a change in demand. If a highly localised industry declines, mass unemployment in that area may result, even though the rest of the country is enjoying full employment. (b) Extreme localisation will
bring about many social problems such as overcrowding, lack of open spaces, traffic congestion
etc.
(c) As mentioned before,
localisation may bring about external economies of scale and lower the cost of production. However, extreme localisation may mean keen competition for available land, labour etc. and this will bid up the prices of there factors. Thus,
higher instead of lower costs
of production may then be resulted.
1981
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附加數(九)
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Examples:
the following equations for 0 < x < 360°. (a) General equation of type
acos x+cosx-
asin x+bsiux=c
{secx+sec2x-1.
(b) General equation of type
acosx+bsinx=c
e.g. 3cosx+4sinx=7. (c) General equation solved by making use of factor. formulaez
Solution:
cosx cos2x sinki
2sec x+3secx-2-() (secx+2)(2gecx-1)=0 secx--2 or -1
cosx-- or - (reje
· x=120 or 240a
((h) 3cosx+4sinx=5.
3oonx+རྟainxw
Cosbcoaxisin sinx
•* cos(x-4)=1
where 8-tan
x-535-0 or 360°
Ans.
•• x=53oB3 or 413°8 (which is 360 and so is rejected)
(c) cos cusches und
→2sin(***)sin(x−2×)
3x 2sin cos
-sin-sin(-) - sin cos sin2; [sin}-cos2;] - o
• sin2-0 or sin ce§13-0
For
sin2-0,25-0, 180°,
390
120
For sin-coa-0
sib-com-sin(90°-2)
120°, 240°
Ans
T£ A, B, C are angles of AABC, prove that sin?A+sin2B+sin?C=
Solution:
4sinAsinBsinC.
L.H.S.=2sin(A+B) cos(A−B)+sin2c
=2sin(180°-C) cos(A−B)+
PainCcose
=2sin(cos(A-B)+2sin(cosC =2sinc [cos(A-f}+cosC] =2sinc[cos(A−B) +-
cos(180o-(A+B))]
(as C-180 -(A+B)) =29inc[cos(A-B)−cos(A+B)} =2sinc(-2sin-4sin(~3°)}
49inAsInBsinG = P_H_S.
Exercise 5
Q
1. Solve the following
equations for 0 < x ≤ 360° (u) 2sinxcos x-1-sin-x
2 (b) 2sin x=1+COSI
(c) tan -x-tallx+7=√3tanx 2. Solve the following.
equations for 0°< x ≤360 (a) tanx=442secx
1.
(b) √3cosx=-sin
(c) 2
sinx-1=cosx
Solve the following equations for 0 < x <360°. (a) coax+cos2x+cos3x=0
(b) cnsx sin2x+cos3-sinx=0
(c) sin3x-8in4x+sin5x=0
4. Prove the following
identities:
a) sinxėsiny+ginz-sin(x+y+z)
1sin(***)sin(2**)sin(~2)
cos2x+cos2y+co822+1
kcos2x.coszy.cos2z, if
x+y+Z=189"
2
22
cos X+cos y+cos z
= 1-2cosxcosycosz,
x+y+2=180"
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