頁二第張七第 日三初月十年申庚陆变
1981
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HISTORY (5)
Philip Y. L. Woo.
MILL & DALE PRESS LTD.
CHINA 1862-1900
The Ch'ing Dynasty ruled China at this time.
its power was on the decline during the 19th century. For cxample, there were many rebellions trying to overthrow It. Then the Westerners came
and threatened it militarily (the 1st and 2nd Opium Wars). This quickened the decline of the Ch'ing Dynasty. Both internal and external factors helped explain the decline of the Ch'ing Dynasty.
1. Self-Strengthening Movement-
This was from 1862 to 1894, Only military-technological reforms were attempted, which failed to make China strong
2. Sino-Japanese War
was from 1894 to 1895. After successful
This
modernization, Japan tried to obtain imperialist possessions. She wanted. Korea. China tried to stop her. War
resulted. China
was badly defeated.
3. The Scramble for
Concessions - This was from about 1895 to 1900. Before the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-95, Western powers believed that the Ch'ing Dynasty could maintain law and order, so that trade = would be
De good. Trade was what Western powers (mainly Britain) wanted from China. However, China's defeat in the Sino-Japanese War made Western powers believe that they must get from China territorial concessions before other powers did so first. Western powers had. lost confidence in the rule of the Ch'ing Dynasty. When one power obtained from the Ch'ing Dynasty a certain territorial concession, other powers feared and demanded the same. This was the Scramble for Concessions. China was nearly partitioned. Before 1895, Western demand was commercial. If
obtained a certain one power commercial concession, other powers would enjoy it automatically. After 1895, Western demand was
territorial. Each power wanted to get exclusive
territorial concessions from: China.
The Hundred Day Reform
This happened in 1898, from June to September. It was about 100 days, so it was called such. From 1895. to- 1898, many young scholars became very worried about China's future. (a) defeat in the Sino-Japanese War (China had always regarded Japan as being inferior but. this time China was defeated and humiliated by her) (b) Scramble for Concessions (Young scholars felt that something must be done to save China before it was too late)
Within the Ch'ing court, the. young Emperor Kuang-hsu ; ()struggled for power with the Empress Dowager, who was his aunt. Kuang-hsu
WAH KIU YAT PO
invited young scholars like
K'ang Yu-wei(2 k♬ ) and Liang Ch'i-ch'ao() into the Ch'ing court and attempted reform, The motives were (a) to save
China (b) to obtain power from the Empress Dowager. They were reformers, as they tried to reform China.. The reform movement was called the Hundred Day Reform. During the Self-Strengthening movement (1862-94), reform measures. were carried out in the provinces. The young reformers of 1898 felt that.
this was one reason for the failure. So they carried out reform measures centrally in Peking, the capital. However, in the end, the Empress Dowager came forth, imprisoned the Emperor Kuang-hsu, killed many of the reformers, and turned China back to the old
situation.
The Bover Uprising - This happened in 1900-1901, As we said in the beginning, the Ch'ing Dynasty was on the decline. It could not control. the countryside effectively. Many secret societies (which, aimed at destroying the Dynasty) became active. Peasants and common people suffered. They hated fore foreigners because (a) of the tradition of anti-foreignism (b) foreigners threatened their livelihood in many ways. In other words, common words, common people hated both the Ch'ing Dynasty (who in their eyes failed to protect them and give them a good living) and foreigners (who were called
d foreign devils). Many common people killed foreigners in North China, especially in Shantung. The Ch'ing Dynasty did not
suppress these people because (a) it was equally anti-foreign (b) it tried to put all the blame on foreigners for social and political problems. Because of (b), the Ch'ing Dynasty actively supported the common people in resisting foreigners. These common people were called Boxers, and the disturbance was called the Boxer Uprising. In other words, the Boxer Uprising was at first against the Ch'ing Dynasty and in the end against foreigners (as the Ch'ing Dynasty supported the Boxers to do so). The foreign powers gathered an army, invaded Peking, drove away the Boxers and.
threatened the Ch'ing court. Although China was not
divided among foreign powers,
she was greatly humilitated.
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Add. Matha" (5)
C. V. Shuama
MILE & DAY E. PRESS LTD.
Exercise 3: Quadratic Equaticus
Worked examples:
1. The roots of the equation
+lx+með are x -and
find the equation whose roots pre
Solution: x
Sum of roots,
Product
Sum of roots of the new equation.
2
報日僑華
-期星
- (-1)^-4 (m) + ( − 1 ) * . Product of the new equati
= (x,~×;)" (x,+z;)"
• [(x,+*,)*-*x ̧* ̧](*, ** ̧ ) 2 (12-4m)1* 1° (12-401)
the required new equation is given by x->{sum of roots)x+product of rootse()
x2 -2(12-2m)x+1′′ ( 1 * - 4 m ) = 1).
Ans.
Find the value of k so that
the equation
will have equal but opposite roots, Solution: The given equation
may be written as (x −bx) (k+1)~(ax-¢)(h−1)=0
{k+1}x2-(ak÷bk-a+b)x+ck-o
Let one root be
other root is sum of roots
*; + ( − xq )
then the
so that
ak÷bk=a+b
ak+hk-4+b
a-b
Ans.
If x is real, prove that
the expression
must lie between two numbers,
Solution:
Let
kx−−{5x+1)x+9k_=
Since tais equation has real roots, we have
2
-(5k+1) = −4(k)(98) ►
25k+10k+1-30k
2
11k-10k-1 € ( (11k+1) (k-1) ≤ 0
k1
the expression must lie
between
Exercise 3..
and
1. If p. q are the routs of
the equation xemx»n=0, find the equation whose 2 roots are p q and
P
2. If the roots of the
equation r“-ax+b=0 are two consecutive integers, prove that a2-4b+1..
For the quadratic equation lx2+8x+8=0, find the b÷us condition that its roots should be in the ratio p:4.
For what values of k will
the equation-
1 13
have its roots
equal in magnitude but opposite in sign?
5. If x is real, prove that
the expression (x~~3x+1). (2x-3x+2). must lie
between two number.
Prove that, if a,
band e
are real, the roots of the equation
(b−c)x +{c=a)x+(@~b}×0.
are also real.
7. Given that px X2
that pis positive, prove.
that the least value of
12.
-Apr-q
40.
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ECONOMICS (5).
K.. Wong & L. T. Chan MILL & DALE PRESS LTD.
Factors of production
1. Factors of production
Since production is defined as any activity directed to satisfy human wants by manufacturing goods and services with the assistance of available resources, the producers require a number of inputs in
日十月一十年〇八九一座公年九十六國民華中 ★教僑華
production. For example,
for growing crops, cultivated. land, irrigation machinery
and workers are needed;
The factor inputs involved in the production process are. termed factors of production în economics. They include all the productive resources in humah economy.
Therefore, factors of production can be defined as all productive resources available to produce goods and services in order to satisfy human's wants.
There are four factors of production, n namely, land, capital, labour and entrepreneur. Land and capital are called the non-human factors where labour and the entrepreneur are called human factors. The production units (the individual enterprisings and firms) could make full use of the factors of production by combining them in the more appropriate way so as to achieve the greatest output and maximize the profit.
1. Land: Land refers not only
to the site where production activities can be carried out, but also the natural resources made a available from the nature. Therefore land includes agricultural land industrial site, mineral resources, forests, mountains, seas, grasslands and climate, Land is often regarded as a free gift of nature because it is provided for everyone in the society. Furthermore, land is also limited in supply. Capital: Capital refers to
those man-made
resources or capital goods which are employed in every stage of production. Usually, the capital goods are not needed directly for immediate consumption and they are used for further stage of production to make consumer goods directed to the hands of
consumers.
Labour: Labour refers to
all actual effort, mental and physical, skilled and unskilled, applied to the
production of goods. and services and for which payment to labour is called wages. Because labour is a
human factor in
production, the provision of labour
depends upon population, mobility of labour and the social and
psychological aspects
of the workers.
Entrepreneur:
Entrepreneur is a
human factor
separated from labour. Entrepreneurship
refers to the
organization ability and managerial skills in
production. It is
because the
entrepreneur have to combine and fully utilize the other three factors of production in business decision making. other words, the enteneur may
be the industrialists or the managers in the production unit. He or she has to make vital decisions of policy
regarding the method
of production to be
employed and the
quality of the output.
In addition to receiving residual profit, the entrepreneur bears the risk of production because the firm may have the chance to suffer loss.
II. The law of diminishing
returns.
Supposing that the
production of a co
require two factors of production, land and
If successive units of a variable factor lone whose amount can vary are added to a given quantity of a fixed factor (one whose amount cannot be altered), the addition of more and mare units of the variable factor will in the end lead to a decline in the additional: output resulting from the addition of an extra unit of the variable factors.
For example, in the production of wheat we are using various alternative quantities of labour per unit of time to farm a fixed amount. of land and recording the resulting alternative outputs of wheat per unit of time.
The average product of labour (APT) is then defined as total product (TP) divided by the number of units of labour used. The marginal product of labour (MP) is given by the change in the TP per unit change in the quantity of labour used. In the table below, land is measured in acres labour in man-years and total product (TP) în bushels.
0:00
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
MPL Land Labour TP APL
0
3
3
3
8
4
12
15
3/3/4
3
17
3 275
17
2 5/6
16
22/7
13.
1 5/8
TP, APL, MPL
(on one
C
APL
cre of land);
Labour
MPE
According to the diagram,
the MPL rises at first, reaches a maximum (before the API reaches its maximum) and then declines. The MPL becomes zero when the TP is maximum and negative
when the TP begins to decline. The following position of the MP arrue illustrate the law of diminishing returns.
The law of diminishing returns states that if one factor of production is increased by small, constant amounts, all other factor: quantities being held constant, then after some point the resulting increases in output become, smaller and smaller. This law is propounded only on the assumption that
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