真二第張六第
日一初月三年申庚播室
1980
中學會考試題預習專欄
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History (27)
Philip Y 1. Von
Mill & Dale Press Ltd
... China vas defpated in the
If you were one of the ph scholars who made up the ruling elüss ut that time ju
Don't forget that the Chinese scholar (shih †) had always. regarded
as being
super me con people and
there Toro Lhe resionxibility. to save the country, so it is Fittle wonder that he would
to
· something lengthen China,
The
This desire to save flina wus mixed with some political rivalry.in the scholar class
Self-strengthening. fovement (1863–1804), was carried out by top scholar- officials, who were more conservælive and less willing to make new changes, because they feared the Joss of their owlitical noner und position But younger scholars felt different15, who welcomed. radical changes because they had nothing to lose. In fact, only sudura refaen changes. would give them opportunities
power. It's just like asking all students in Hong Kong to
for the
sudden creation of ten -universiti so that eVETYOBE
university education. The government, înlustrislista. wealthy businessmen would oppose the idea, not only because of the vast expenses. but also because there would not be any stutents. Leuring school to work in factories and offices if all students go tu university at the same time,
If the young scholars after - 1895 demanded reforms of somn kind, what kind of Reform do you think they could call for? Fogically not thus kind tried before 1894 during the self-strerithening Perind
purely technologiṇabandon 319tamil logically wo
longer confined to piece-meal refarm measures carried out in diffoaunt provincea. So,
学院煜期內將湖行一
特猷y 荽瑳工
WAH KIU YAT PO
報日僑
that It ten to thin lined pa
Day Reform of 1808 advocated administrative and pali; changes to be effected
Peking to the country at large. If considered from this angle, the motives of the 1898: reform were more progressive than the Self-strengtheing Movements In 1862–94. The busie reason
for administrative ani political reforms was that it virs, the government which curried
mut military-technological chauges. In other words, after 1895, it was thought that mílitary-vechnoligical reformis. before 1894 Tai Led because there was not a progressive
and progressive government to
supervise
Sonly a Jack of enlightened
government; reform-minded and. forward-looking scholars were also few. This the 1989 re form vaimetepta reform of the
Chinese civil service examir tron whï eh selected men as social Fraders and government
To summarize a bit, hotli external and internal factors Inter-regete with one another to bring about the 1898 reti Externally, there were the introduction of Vestern of reform
/the Solig scholars could turn to if they wanted) the Sino-Japanese tar of 1894–95 (the defeat of thime of which fully convinced the young scholars of the need far-turning to deeper western reform), and other things Tæternally, there were the general recotuition of the THELua The Self-Strengthen ing Moverent as known by the Sina-dapanese Vor, the demand for reform by a group of nationalistic young scholars (who ac1i, believed in the need
hestern, widely, and gir things. The interplay betwee thest fuctors wa: the back- ground to the Humtred Day Reformie 1898.
The retent measures of
the fundred Day Reform vere in fact degrees issued by the Kuang-list Laporeg in Teking. They therefore were just paper instructions af good intention but with little consideration given to whether or not could be put into practice. lt's. always, after all, easy to any santingties actually kning it. The referners éround kuang-how, notably kn Yu-wei and Liang Ch1ï-ch'av, vere young, inexperienced and lind never had enjoyed political power he fore. 34 was just e
patriotic feeling that moved
Athem to reform aetion. Shost
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The provinces -- ak läst most ot
二期星
was a funny situation, where the Emperor in effect hejt. telling his subject officials
! whart to do, and those officials
wide-npon. In the end, alten 3
so, the Empressi⠀ montlig of so Dowager, who had the feak pover, stepped forth from behind the secué, imprisoned. the imperen und prosecuted the young reformers, No doubt the freform neasures were just
intention, not detailed and well-worlivd-out plans,
ltefnue we turn to the reasons for the failue of the reform, let us take a Took at the reform measures first.
1. Education
(a). Abolition of the height=
essay in the Civil service Examinations. Introduction-of
political and ecunonic problems,
(b) Abulition of swordsmanship und Barksmanship in tlies military examinations.. Intradunti on of a new. syllabus based on a knowledge of podern military tactics.
(c) Opening of a special PEABIRDTLou on political economy.
(d) Establishment of an Imperial University in Peking. Founding of a medical school
under it.
(e) Establishment of primary and secondary schools in the provinces for the study of botli Chinese and western subjects. Changes of
tradițional private school's into modern government schools Change of Buddhist temples. inte, public s aclinols.
(f) Publication of an official
newspapers
5:1. fioverüsent administration
(a) Abolition of sinecure posta (jobs with a salary but involving no work) and.. Unicorssary offices, including the governorships
of a few provinces,
(b) Appointment of progressive -minded officials in government.
(c) introduction of strictör disciplines for civil -
servant s. Measures to check corruption.-
(d) fuprovement in aŭriinistu tive efficiency by removing delays and by sleveloping a new, simplified administra ive procedure, Creation of 12 new Ministries to repl
the afte
禁山雞第一頁,華喬治
日五十月四年〇八九一层公年九十六國民藐中育教信
responsible for top governmerit),
fe) Chicouragement of reform
suggestions from private": citizens.k
(a) Reorganization and modernization of the army, (b) Founding of militia forces (part-timëë Soldiers for Focal
self-defenceleszar
(a) Promuțion of rosway. -CASTEN LITActi óar,
(h) Promotion of agricultural, - Industri-1 ând couriercial
developments,
banks NASAM MOGLAV (c) Encouragementsvaf inventions, Katehingg (d) Preparation of g government budget...
Others
(e) Visits to fore conutries by high (b) Improvement and simplification.
fficials.
As we have pointed out, K'ang and Liang were scholars inexperienced in the art of admisistration and did not understand the corrupt uɛture of the Ching government, just like a group of young, green. and fresh university graduates who are given the eliance to run the Hong Kong government. They sure had much ideal and theory to talk abort, but when it came to actual administra- tion, They failed to appreciate the tremendous difficulties vaiting for them when carrying nut the refor measures. They therefore fail failed to deal with the winning politiciens who land xury way to defend their own
seliisu; olitical power.
What were the tremendous difficulties? Why did most of the reform nec aures remuin just on paper and vene not actively carried out?
First, the returns viulated much of Chinese tradition When administention vás
modward, politic tradition was changed, am conservatives thus raised their objections. Mor importantly, the reforms threatened the self-inte
of many peuple, what.Prefúre opposed the 20 us to safeguard themselves, The Manchus Thought that the rekorns waste) cor?thraherefit of Chinese only 3 1 anr and Liang and other refürners were all Chinese,
Mogo spedifipalig, the
-6-Boards (traditionally a intended almakivion of the
·張,欲七無感译成心理作用(見一 山推做家說的喜。怒, 衢一九七九年)「七」注云:
: 「卷」(上海辭書出版
問:什風是一七恇六欲」? 大根清馨」在湿六欲有没有關係?,
【七情六欲
香港中國語文学会食主持
「聾起,被誤」了。佛裂以官、假
愛
·
形成的曆史和脚方含字商的訂發問
定本月十六日(星期三》下午五時 簡訊(一)香港大學中文系 大學中文系税染才激授講「办方貫 半畢辦公開學府攜座,由廣州暨南
名詞。佛巫以修行佛法的人盛倒模... (來件鏟寄軒尼詩道 江湖效魔五七二八四八五三詢。 祗實用漢語,四月大開
·部舉辦第二期甜文教學進修班
大铁,見「大祥疫綸」卷二十一
在爲是生、死、耳、目、口、轟之欲 * 佛家以色欲、形貌,就州熊術,
「宮氏春秋、實生」「所謂全生, 紙魯詩樓二三中。) 洪者,大欲皆得其宜也。」高透社 (二)香港中國語文學戱签的 「六敏條注云:一人的各種欲望。..題」,歡迎聽講。地點唔香港大學 一、 、愛、、教爲七。
变通話新斑於本月十五日開段,
·遥現已滿額,的留意下
郵箱二三二七號香
*名「六根清靜」。「圓覺經」:港中國語文學會收) 储官弱的學生攜供特别 大規群的皮革計劃俾設施。
美加英
英國中
本中心代表
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學學學
小學(一)中英文小學 JIE 3.5GH
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招收一九八○至八一年度新生
九龍藏賢中英文小學
幼稚雄:沖夾文《RINKPRI 考試日期:四月十九日,
校址..又一邨建之路〔俗话;〇〇二)
外鼐馬師費,活動敎學,它敷袋,備有再來接送各區學生 備註:本校無不利之基督教學校,目钽實飲校舍,澄清路出家
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聖公會聖士提反堂小事 螺
日上午九至十二時
中科,碗粥,城安報名為換取考試說
台辦:四月廿六日上單的經
校監會國偉牧師
生招
校址:香港敖或溢乙號
毅名爭裆·捝葉出世紙副本報名变二池相片三張
玼斯·上下午初【幼兒班、中、高班 報名日期:即日開始,每月上午九時至下午四時 S. BARREKU | 119–127.
(一九八〇年至八一年度)
雅文·愛民幼稚園擴班
校長:陳葉沖
生招師
好啦
Bight-leg reti endayṛand he changes to be dhue to the
entires educatíolal bystep?26
would ruin the
Chinese scholars who had for years been trained in the art of the examination? Is telling all Hong kong Ford-5- students one month before the Certs exam, that all subjects to be examined will be changed and brand new subjects like martial art are introduced with offertf immediately. LIKE tai abolition of sinecure posts and the attack on corruption angered many- officials. One is reminded of the demonstration against ICAC by pelicemen a few years ago. When younty progressive- minded scholars were appointed." to the government, old corrupt and die-hard officials felt. being endangered in their positions. The young scholars, might not; ztally-he、 progressivo-minded, just an is not all the old officials we corrupt. But self-interest
What would. everyone has. members of the Legislative Council feel if we young men one day suddenly find ourselves replacing ther?.
It may be asked: Way it the violation of Chinese tradition or the violation of many people's self-interest, that caused videspread oppostiíon. 2 to reforu? It certainly wasem Si both. But more logically +3 many people whose self- A LA interest was thrcutened made> ~ use of the sløgan that chinese tradition was violated as au sexcuse to oppose the refarus
Surely the, reforge Ki without effective politicalg power to effect thó! A TREM SCHE and this explaidea TRIUNFOR reform attempt
the same can be saidamenter way rounds it was the Empress Dowager's powerful,^FELTROWIDN Conservative position and it Cripled
start. The failure」AHOE Hundred DaysReform illustrates *** how intention vouhl în WTKOS
remain as Trutenti on puwer to hack atgnificuNCE, ADWEVer, 1
Its
not only tu the intruducti on and popularity of wekto ifdems on reform in chi
China, but also in the
powerful giuonghold of
conservatism and vested self- Interest that resisted changes
of any kind
英技術員教育局審定
港工業學院程度高 提交課程全部認可
正副局長來港考察覺印象極深 伍少梅工業學校開放日華德斯指出
特助工業教育)畢斯昨·····
监局會代表大
七天深兩局港
WE THIN
·的政府津貼中學。樊建於一九七一年,七七年
「五月一日起滿足四 五月一日起逢選理
四月三十日送三
杨已兹共容核了也在五十五倒程,其中八的一 同時,至一九七八年止,英國按術教育: 华数可且得到这可依旧裝及好一百||| 十宮項無图。肾全面性的人才,除了差且學所和工業才能外, 耐的唇一星域。在遏制度下,有許多學士官得到梁美點,邊設僳共需七百多座滔,其中百分之八 一物,有共同的教学宗旨和目思,就是致力於培
十由政府撥默,而其餘欢項大部分括由集会 起爲事人士提供
靴入管理工学院 薬
中國語文信箱
好堅年使用。心
| 大七月閶工,並 一於本年十月完想 分一九八將八一半應
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