買四第張六第二日十初月正年申庚
1980
中學會考試題預習專欄
歷史
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明德出版社胡應亮提供資料
History (20)
Philip Y. L. Woo
Mill & Dale Press Ltd
"Brckground to the formati on
of the United Nations
WAH KIU YAT PO 報日僑
beginning in 1952 in New York. Its decisions (in part requiring 2/3 majorities)
were to be binding 'only on
those members who voted.
caffizantively. Each member
could send 5 delegates but
had only 1 vote, The Assembly elected the non-permanent
members of the Security
Council (6 in number), for
-year terms. Other institu- tions of the UN were coordinated,
3. Secretary-General
he acted as the head-ot... the secretariat (with about 4,500 officials). He and the organ were responsible for the leadership of the daily administration of the UN.
International trusteeship counet)
1. Ammerican intention of
greater participation in world affairs in post-war Europe in safeguarding peace, President Roosevelt praclaim-4, ed the 4. Freedoms in 1941. They were later incorporated in the Atlantic Charter (by Churchill and. Roosevelt promised to disavow any wish for territorial gains, the right of self-determination for all peoples) in the same
year,
2. 1942 in Washington,
"Declaration of the 26. Nations" (a meeting of the Allies) for the first time referred to themselves as the United Nations idea of international cooperation.
it administered and super- vised territories that were placed under its control under stable self-government and improved economic and social conditions were achieved.
5. Economic and
Social council --
it concerned itself with raising the general standard of living.
the
6. International court of
justice
3. 1944 (Aug - Oct) at the
Dumbarton (aka Conference: the basic principles of the future UN were worked out by the US and USSU, Anitain and China.
4. 1945 (apr Jun) the
San Francisco Conference
further Allied negotiations
of the formation of the UN.
5. June 26, 1945 foundation of
the United Nations (UN or
UNO United Nations. Organization i
representatives of 50 nationa
signed the Charter of the
United Natimae
6. The Charter became
effective on 24. det, 1945,
known as the "United Nations Da
4iving
Principles
the
dards in the
1 to actively safeguard
peace by non-violent ways. (such as investigationg,S mediation, or arbitration), by political or economic sanctions, org by armed forces, which were delegated by the members. 2, to acknowledge, the-night of national self-defences 3: not to interfere in
Use of
interual" affairs of the countries. (This meant abandonment of the protection of hunaj rights in totalitarian stater.}
Bövals fulfillment of, the UN obligatioung reppegå ally the promise not toy threaten or user force by the nethers."
organs of the United Nations 1. Security Council 2
reapqusible for safeguarding peace. Ita, decisions (With an 7 out of the 11 members) vere to be binding. There were 5 pernenent members" (US, Britaing France, the USSB, and 1 China). These permanent members enjoyed a veto power over any decision of the UN,
to be a freat
Lobstacle ta.
effinfancy and effectiveness. From: 1946 to 1964, the USSR tused 103 times of the veto power, 4 vines by Britain, 3 times, by France, and 1
time by China, On these
occasions, the UN failed to
do anything -
2. General Assembly
wax to meet once a year,
it consisted of 15 justices elected for 9-year terms. It was the UN's main judicial organ.
7. Specialized committees and
commissions
such included the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), the World Health Organization (WHO) and the World Bank.
(to be continued next issue)
1980
中學會考試題預習專欄
10
2
1
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dx
a
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(in-ino)
--
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=
#{cosx+cngix)
cosxcos5x
日五廿月二年〇八九一曆公年九十六國民華中 有教僑華
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14
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il t
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Volume formed by rotating
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1
0
*
dx
dx = π
闇
f cubic units
Volume formed by, rotating
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2
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vol of cylinder)
* -
cubic units,
required ratio
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Economics (20)
Ana
*==
(+=)
提供資料
K. K. Wong & L. T. Chan Mill & Dale Press Ltd
The National Income (cont'd)
Use of National Incone Statistics /
Some national income measures the flow of goods and servicers produced, its level can be taken as an • indicator of the well-being of the economy.
The following uses are the most important:
a. It can be used as a basis
for assessing and comparing the alandard of living. When considering the
standard of living of a people at any given time we must remember the difference between money incomes and, real incomes, and must remember the distribution of income.
A wealthy matión nay have
its wealthy distributed, evenly or unevenly, IN
comparing changes in the standard of living over"
the years the total population affects the average income, so that average income per head will be a more valuable indication of living standard than total National Income.
b. It can he used as an aid
to government in planning the economy.
The national Income figures are a¬useful~~base
from which to start the control of the economy. By measuring what that income is we can see what is needed, and what is possible to achieve in the future. The government
becomes aware of the
growth areas in the
economy, and the areas where growth is less than
average.
Limitation of National Income
Each measure of national income is a rough measure of the level of economy activity of the economy, however, a series of misinterpretationa may result. The limitation a re summarized as follow: a. Information is incomplete,
some income not being recorded, as for example when a person does a job. in his spare time for a friend or neighbour.
b. National income dues not include all goods and services as it excludes"!! the value of most goods.
and services that does
not go through marketa. c. Care must be taken not to count the same article
twice, for example, bath. the raw material and the“. finished product must not he counted as this would- result in the raw materiál being counted twice.
d, National income does not.
measure human welfare and the quality of life, t does not indicate the distribution of income? anong people. A transfer of money from rich to pon hy voluntary contribution or by government policies may change welfare without changing national income
Factors affecting the level
national income
The size of the nationalè income depends on a number of factors. They are gi
a. A country's stock of the
factors of production. The entreprenéon, Land","h labour and capital and their quality, its natura resquces, the skill of labour, the extent and quality of its real capital, and the amounte of entrepreneural abilit For example, the qualite of labour supply depends so much on the inborn intelligence of the people, that closely relates to the education and training of labour.
h. The state of technical ¿å
knowledge.
Nowadays, the technical progress, has been improved rapidly especially in those well-developed countries. The most recen development of technology leada the introduction of automation in the contral of machinery and the ado tion of division of labour system.
c. The political stability
in the country.
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Economic progress is bound to be shown in a country
subject to pulitical
upheavals. Country will.
suffer from política)
instability in her
economic developrient.
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