There should not be an any restriction for the
算二第張六第日十二月一十年未已屣夏
1980
WAH KIU YAT PO
報日橋
中學會考試題預習專欄
經濟
(十三)
II.
Economics (1-3)
- 王馨業提供資料 明德出版社 -陳勵德
K. K. Wong & L. T. Chan
(Mill & Dale Press Ltd.)
MARKETS.
Perfect Competition
Perfect competition exists in a theoretical environment in which the following conditions are fulfilled:
(a)
large number of buyers and seller's
With a large number buyers and sellers, the total transaction will be very great. This means that each of them cannot exert his personal influence on the market price of the product by increasing or decreasing its
Thus
firms
in perfect comput. x
must take the price at which they are to sell as fixed and the demand for the product of an individual firm is perfectly elastic.
(b) homogeneous product
Under a perfectly competitive market
situation, the product of any one seller must be identical with the product of any other seller. This means that buyers have no motive for preferring the product of one firm to another and if a firm raised its price, its sales would fall to zero,
(c) free mobility of
resources'
This implies that each required factor of production. must be perfectly mobile.
(a)
perfect knowledge of the market
All buyers and sellers must possess full information of the commodity if the market is to be a perfectly competitive one.
(é) free entry by new
firms
告告分
entry of new firms into the market.
Imperfect competition
In real life situation, the conditions of perfect competition cannot always be met. Whenever one of more of the above requirements are not satisfied, the market is discribed as an imperfect on onc. Imperfect competition can be
classified into three types according to its degree of imperfection, They are: monopolistic competition, oligopoly and monopoly,
(a) monopolistic
Competition
This has three fundamental characteristics: (1) there is a sufficiently large number of sellers so. that each can act indepen- dently of the other firms. (2) products from various sellers are differentiated. (3) market entry of new firms is relatively easy
In monoplistic competition, individual sellers can have influence over the market price.
This is because when there is an large number of their products or services, the product of one firm is not regarded as a perfect substitute of another;
An example of mono- polistic competition is to be found in the retail trade. The ease of entry in this business results in excess capacity and differentiation may take the form of differ- ence of location (for instan- ce, one shop being more.. conveniently situated for some people), the general attitude of the shopkeeper, and the extent of the service
available.
Actually, there are various sources of differen- tiation such as actual physical difference, location, service considera- tion, reliability, personal attitude, etc. In addition, price may affect the choice of products since many buyers prefer those sellers
who offer a lower price.
制無縮分
Since differentiatich of product is essentialy created by branding and packaging, marketing activities play a major role in monopolistic competition in attracting customers to a patronize a particular brand.
(b) oligopoly
This is a form of imperfect competition in which there are only a few producers as compared to perfect competition where there is a large number of producers. A general
feature of oligopoly is that the price policy of a firm is influenced by that of its competitors. This can be subdivided into perfect and Imperfect oligopoly. (1)
perfect oligopoly
In perfect oligopoly,
the commodity is homo- geneous and consumers have no preference for the product of one firm as compared with another.
by
This results that a price cut
one firm will lead to similar price cuts by other producers. Hence, the largest firm will usually become the price leader. (2) imperfect oligopoly:
Even a
In this situation, some'. degree of differentiation: exists between the products of different firms. slight differentiation in the product will make one product not a perfect substitute for another. Under these conditions, competition tends to be very keen and many firms may employ mass. advertising or price-cutting strategies,
(c) monopoly
In the strictest meaning of the term, monopoly occurs only when there is one producer of a commodity for which there is no substitue, a situation often referred t as absolute monopol This is quite rare in cé life to have only a sing producer of a product and even rarer to have no substitute for the product at all. Thus the term monopoly is aftern used to
describe forms of very.
-期星
日七月一年〇八九一曆公年九十六國民華中
imperfect competition as in
the following situations:
Let
:(1) when one firm or a
group of firms working
together controls a large
- proportion of the total
supply of a commodity. For instance, most of the world's supply of rubber comes from Malaya.
(2) when it is wasteful to duplicate a given service as in the case of public utilities.
(3) patent rights - a patent is a grant to the inventor of a new machine or idea, giving him a monopoly of its use for a certain period. (4) others - a producer's monopoly in the home. market may be protected from foreign competition by means of a tariff on
imports, thus giving rise to a monopoly situation.
1980
中學會考試題預習專欄 > 附加數 F
(+=)
明德出版社岑俊彦提供資料
Additional Mathematics (13)
C. Y. Shum
(Mi11 & Dale Press Ltd)
Complex Numbers (1) Worked Examples:
1. Express
1+0086-isin
the form. a +bí Solution:
1+cose—isine
(1+cose)—isinə.
1+cósf+isinə
22
(1+cose)
4C080+1sin↔
1+(2con
and
自播育教
1(cos120 +isin120°)
cis 120
1(cos240+isio240°)
c18240o
ci120
18240
ci s (120)*~240′′) ©is(~120°) 1[cos(-120°).
isin(~120°)]
and arg = −120°
Find thelocus of z such
that zi}= }z-if = Solution:
Put z = x+iy
The given expression is
[x+iy+1] -1x+1y-i| = -1
|x+(y+1)i] − {x+(y+1}i]
√x2+(y+1)2 -√x2+(y-1)2 - -1
+(x+1)*
Squaring both des
x2+(y+1) - 1+2/+ (y + 1 ) 2
+(y-1) 2+(y-1) 2
+y-2y+1
2/x2+(y-1)2
2/x2 +(y-1)
Squaring both sides again,
(4y-1)2
1by, -8y+
the
ocus
hyperbola, whose
18 12y -4x = 3
Exercise 7
Ans
1. Express the following in
the form a+bi.
1-coa&-ising.
(h)
−1}+2\isingcosy
(e)
5-41
2+2(COB 2-1)
200ng(congtising)
20
isin
**(1+itang)
tang
Ans
2)
Find the modulus and-
argument
Solution
cosü«isins
5+41
Find the modulus and
argument of the following expressions:
11
(b) (i+1) (2+1)
(c) Co28+)
isind
A complex number z varies so that 2|2-2|· -[3-61] Show that the point z
describes a circle and find the number represented by ita centre. Pind the locus of 2
such that
22+1
(a) iz+1
[z−1 ] + [2+1| 24
(b)
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