有二第張六第 日九十月十年未巴魅夏
WAH KIU YAT PO
報日僑箠
六期星
1980
advantages can be realized in such a location.
if x, y, z are angles
of a triangle.
2
2
2
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ECONOMICS (9)
K. K. Wong & L. T. Chan (Mill & Dale Press Ltd.)
LOCATION OF INDUSTRY
Factors Affecting Location Of Industry
There are many factors that affect the location of an industry. However, many of these factors are economic
in nature and have a bearing on costs of production. Thus, the „fundamental principle
underlying location of industry is the cost of production i. e. the production of a commodity tends to be located where it can be carried on at the lowest unit costs of production. The "following are some of the
important factors affecting location of industry: (a) Land is an important
influencing factor on location especially for industries which need more space and in a place like Hong Kong where land value is high. Thus, amply supply of land at resonable value is crucial to a particular industry concerned. e. g. shipbuilding in Hong Kong.
(b) Every industry needs a
certain amount of labour for its production. The quality and behaviour of labour are both important to many. industries nowadays. Hence, there should be a sufficient supply of adequately skilled labour at reasonable cost available.
(c) Availability of raw materials
also affects the location. This is especially true in cases where raw materials are heavy or bulky and therefore expensive to transport. In such cases, proximity to raw materials can be a dominant factor on location of industry.
(d) The supply concessions of
power and water are also important in determining the location of an industry.
(e) Accessibility to markets is crucial for an industry and the impact of this factor depends upon the nature of the product and the
availability of suitable means of transport, Nearness to markets is important for bulky products while easy access to ports is vital for industries which export a large proportion of their output.
(f) Climatic condition is also a
determining factor for
certain industries since some
products are not suitable to
be produced under certain types of climate.
(g) A critical factor affecting
location of industry is the
existence of external economies of scale in an area, since a lot of
(h) Finally, the government has great influences over the
location of an industry and
its impacts are indeed increasing nowadays.
Localisation Of Industries
Advantages of localisation of industry
When an industry is concentrated in one area, the following advantages can be accrued:
(a) If an industry is highly
concentrated in an area, it becomes possible for individual firms to specialise in single processes or in particular varieties of a commodity. This division of labour will increase output and lower the cost of production.
(b) Localisation in an area
enables the development of a reservoir of skilled labour force in that particular area. New firms will be attracted to the location because a supply of suitable skilled labour is available and economies of scale will further be enhanced.
(c) When an industry is highly
concentrated, subsidiary and ancillary industries will grow to meet the needs of the major industry.
(d) Furthermore, the community
may be benefited because of the existence of an organised industry and market e.g. various goods and services may be available in fairly adequate quantities.
Disadvantages of localisation of industry
However, there are also disadvantages for localisation of industry and they are:
(a) If an area is dependent on a
single basic industry, there will be the risk of structural unemployment resulting from a change in demand. If a highly localised industry declines, mass unemployment in that area · may result, even though the rest of the country is enjoying full employment.
(b) Extreme localisation will
bring about many social problems such as overcrowding, lack of open spaces, traffic congestion etc.
(c) As mentioned before,
localisation may bring about external economies of scale and lower the cost of production. However, extreme localisation may mean keen competition for available land, labour etc. and this will bra up the prices of there factors. Thus,
+
higher instead of lower costs of production may then be resulted.
1980
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Additional Mathematics (9) C. Y. Shum
(Mill & Dale Press Ltd) Trigonometry (1)
Worked Examples:
1. If x, y, z are the angles
of AXYZ, prove that sin2x+nin2y+sin2z - sinxeinysinz.
Solution: 1. II. S.
=(sin2x+sindy)+sin2z......... =2sin(x+y)cos(x-y)+sin2z -2sin(180-z) cos(x-y)+
2ainscoss as 180°-z=x+y =2sinacos(x-y) 42sinzcosz =2sinz (cos(x-y)+C082] -2sinz(cos(x-y)+
cos (180
as t-180° ~(x+y)
-2ainz (cos(x-y)−cos(x+y)] -2winz (-2ain=sin(-2)} -2ains(-2ninx)(~2siny)
sinxsinysinz
8. H. S.
2. Solve the following
equations for 0°¿ x 6 360°.
(a) General equation
of type:
2
a cos + beoex C
"
a sin x+b sinx * C
2
... весхавеск I. 1. (b) General equation
of type:
acosx+b sinx - c
*.g. 3cosx+48inx = 5. (c) General equation solved by making use of factor formulae:
e.g. coax-cos2x - sin3x.
Solution:
(a) } Becx+8ec2x = 1
(b)
2
2sec′′x+3secx-2 = 0
(secx+2)(28ecx−1) = 0
secx --2 or - COBI - or -2
(rejected)
120° or 240°,
1
Jcosx+4minx = 5
3coax+geinx 1
4
cosxcos@4sinxsinë - 1 .'. cos(x-9) 11 Now, tanë- (from figure)
53° 8'
I-53*8*
.'. I-
53
or 360° 8' (4138'>360° and so is rejected) (c) cosx-cos2x = sin3x -2sin()sin() -
2sin(+) con sin(2)[in-co] - 0
.*. cin - 0
3x
=
180° 120°.
240
or sing-con
3x
0
3x
sing cos
**in(90°_3*)
* 90-2
X
450
Σ
0°, 45°, 120°,
and 240",
Exercise 5
1. Prove the following
identities;
Aus
(a) sinzesiny+sinz-sin(x+y+z)
-4sia(**)sin(21)
sin(**).
2
(h) cos2z+con2y+cos28+1 =-4cos2xcos2ycos2z.
日八月二十年九七九一公年八十六國民中 育教餘拳
lacked both the willingness and ability to do so. In
(c) cos ̃x+cos"y+cos ̄z =1-2cosxcosycosz,
if x+y+z = 180°.
2. Solve the following
equations for 0° x 360°.
2
(a) 28inxcos*x 1-sin2x
2
(b) 2sin x = 100
2
(c) tan ttanx,
-
J. Solve the following -equations for.....09.x.6 360o,
(a) 3tanx = 4+28ecx (b)/3cosx
(c) 28inx -
-
1
-msinx
1 = cos X
4. Solve the following
equations for 0o 4 x 6 360°.
sin3x-sin4x+sin5x = 0
(b) cosx+co82x+coa3x = 0
(c) cosrsin2x+cos3z-sinx=0,
1980
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HISTORY (9)
Philip Y. 1. Woo
(Mill & Dale Press Ltd.)
Economic Reform of the Meiji Modernization
This area has already been considered the most successful reform during the Meiji period (1868-1911). Many small countries are struggling with economic modernization nowadays, and the Meiji succesя нeens therefore an example to learn from.
This is the reason why much has been written by historians on this topic.
If you just memorize by heart the minor factual details of the Meiji economic modernization, the topic will become a list of dry and meaningless data, which i
fact is not the case. If% advisable to understand the waya how economic modernization was carried out, not to recite the facts
concerning it. Only with such an understanding will you be able to fit minor details systematically in your memory,
Just use your common sense, If you study economica, you may know that there are four factors of production, namely, land, labour, capital and management skill. Suppose you were in 1870 Japan. Were these four requirements available? Labour there seemed abundant, but some Japanese were illiterate, `i、e, not knowing how to read and write. The literacy rate of Japan at that time was, true indeed, the highest in East Asia, but modernized education is needed to train the people in both citizenship and technological skill that economic modernization needed,
Now about land? In economics, land includes all natural or world resources.
Now about Japan has not much. capital? The big commercial houses that earned a lot of money during the Tokugawa period (1603-1868) were unwilling to invest in modern industries. Besides, capital includes machinery and tools in economics, and Japan had few of these. As for
management skill, it is in theory the driving force behind economic development: because of the desire for
profit, people are willing to develop new industries. But in Japan at that time, people
short, modernization would
have been impossible if it had deen left in private hands?
Thus the Meiji government developed industries itself. The method is like this. Realizing that money capitṣl has to be acquired to finance industrial development, the Meiji leaders modernized a agriculture first, After all, most Japanese depended on agriculture for a living, and the Meiji government depended on land tax for income. Meanwhile, the government's structure was centralized and made more efficient, with thế, objective of preparing the way for more efficient centrally-directed efforts in?
All
industrial promotion.
this was done in the early 1870s.
With increased income, the Meiji government set up. industries, most of which
vere military or strategic
once such as armament works, railway or the like.
Obriously, the most important industries were such in the
eyes of a government to whom national defence was of the
Consumer
greatest importance. goods industries there were some, but the emphasis was given to heavy ones.
Then, from 1880 on, these heavy industries vere sold at cheap price to some private i companies that the governmen trusted. There we
Fand
reasons for this one of them as previously private in industrialization because of poor prospect. private companies already became more and more interested in it during the 1870s because of guidaute, and mucouragement, Industrialiže ti oni sh
a thing that properly belongs to private efforts, and the Meij: government could not take on the job of running industries forever. The sale of government-owned industries towards more mature was therefore a fogical step
industrialization. Based a rather solid foundation laid by the government, the private companies like Mitňubishi and Mitsui bought government industries and were doing very successfully in industrialization since then.
In the 1880s, the Mến government adopted on economic policy of retrenchment, namely, that of cutting unnecessary national expenses to the minimum, The experience gained in the last ten years from economic development now proved to be fruitful: the Meiji government now found itself planning and carrying out economic measures effectively and efficiently, On the one hand, the private i companies expanded quickly in business, Zaibatsu er financial combines ER as they were called. On the other hand, the Meiji government, free from the
for promoting consumer- industries, concentrated purely military indus tər It did not neglect of supervision over and general guidance of industrialization, however, Thus government assistance continued to be given private industries, și thìự qua mostly limited to indirecla ways, such as banking
facilities, technological
advice and coordination
between different private industries.
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