WAH KIU YAT PO
money from banks at o lower rate of interest.
育教保 頁三第張八第日二十月十年未巴展
1980
中學會考試題預習專欄
(A)
經濟
明德出版社筒 提供資料
•陳勵德R
ECONOMIC (8)
K. K. Wong & L. T. Chan
(Mill & Dale Press Ltd.)
1. Discusa the economies of
large-scale production and explain why some small firms still exist.
Economies of large- scale production can be achieved by the policy manipulations within the firm. Generally speaking, when output increases, the average cost of production tends to fall over normal ranges of output. The following are some of the main economies of scale enjoyed by large scale production.
(a) Economies in the use of
factors of production
The total costs to output increase less than proportionately for a large output than a smaller one. Since large scale production may need more labour
force, a greater
division of labour will
most probably be
employed.
Consequently, the
average output per
man-hour can be
expected to rise and
qualified specialists
can be introduced.
In
addition, larger
firm will attract more efficient labour because it can offer its employees better propects of promotion to higher-paid posts. Greater division of labour also enables' a more capitalistic method of production and the employment of more specialized machinery. Large scale of production is able to use its materials more economically,
for what might be waste to a small firm can often be used by a large firm in the manufacture of by-products.
(b) Economies of
administration
As far as
economies of
administration is concerned, due to increases in division
of labour, å färger firm is able to attain a more efficient use of labour and better management methods,
(c) Marketing economies
It is generally the case that a large firm can buy more cheaply than a small one, for it buys new materials, component parts, etc. in bulk, Hence it enjoys the quantity discount for large purchases. Similarly, a large retailer can buy
directly from the
producer at a
lower
price than that charged
AR
by the wholesaler. far as advertising and promotions are
concerned, a large firm
is able to afford a higher spending on these items thau a small firm.
(d) Economies in finance
Large firms generally are
considered to be safer borrowers by the banks, thus they can borrow
(e) Economies in research
Large firms again
have advantages over
the small, for they can
set up their own
research departments,
have their own
laboratories, and can
employ a large number
of trained research workers. In this way, a large firm is able to study betterments for the company and innovate products for the company's growth.
(f) Economies in welfare
A large firm is financially able to provide long-run, extensive welfare facilities and improve the working conditions for its employees.
Even though large firms can enjoy the advantages through large scale production, the fact that sual firms still survive indicates the following
reasons) -
(a) The size of the
business tends to be small where
(i)
(ii)
the work
involves the provision of direct services,
for instance doctors, accountanta, dentists.
the work can be done by
craftsmen e.g. in tailoring (iii) a personal service is
provided, such as that of the domestic plumber or electrician,
(b) Sometimes, many small retailers can survive because they have been able to give personal attention to the particular requirements, of their own group of customers who are willing to pay a little more for this service.
(c) Small firms are just
right in supplying enough quantities when there is only a limited demand for a commodity in the market.
(d) In some forms of
production, costs quickly start to rise as production expands, and so the most economical unit is the small firm, or in other words, the optimum size of the firm should be small.
2. What are the different
types of integration? State the advantages and disadvantage of integration.
There are 3 distinguishable
types of integration; (1) Horizontal integration
A horizontal integration results from the combination of 2 or more firma
of 2 or more firms that sell in the sAME line of business. Since a horizontal integration combines competitors together, it increases the degree of industrial concentration and tend to contribute to a reduction of competition within an industry.
(2) Vertical integration
A vertical Integration results When one of the firms
報日僑華
in the combination
supplies the other
with an important
service of intermediate) product. The
integration of a paper mill with a magazine
is such an example.
This type of
integration gives a
company more control over its distribution
and purchasing. Even'
though the firms involved are not
direct competitora,
a vertical integration
sometimes results in
a considerable
reduction of
competition by
providing a way for a firm holding
substantial control in one market to spread its control to another.
(3) Conglomerate
integration
A conglomerate integration results
when firms that are in distinct, often unrelated, industries combine together. integration of a steel manufacture and a
The
cigarette company is an example. Although a conglomerate integration is less likely to influence competitive conditions than either horizontal or vertical
integration, it can still reduce the scope of competition when the two firms integrated are strong potential competitors or are important customers of each other.
Advantages of Integration
Integration can bring ahout operational efficiency and reduce the cost of production. Thus tlie customers can benefit by paying a lower price as a result of integration. Excessive competition can be eliminated through integration and wastage of valuable resources can be. avoided. Also, when small firms integrate together to form a single large firm, the economies of large- scale production can be obtained. More chance and wider scope for improving quality, standardization and research facilities for products can be realized through integration of firms. Likewise, integration may increase coordination between different stages of praduction and substantial Increase in output can be achieved. Disadvantages of Integration
3
Integration can create many new problems which the oringiual firms are unfamiliar with of difficult to tackle with. Also, since integration can result in operationa 1. efficiency, redundant labour will have to be dismissed and this can pose a serious
·problem especially in countries where vuemployment
Even is already critical. though integration in general can reduce risks and uncertainties for production, the organization Tormed may be too complex and too large to manage. Thus, worse courdinatíon instead of better coordination between various stages of production may arise arise. Combination of firms Likewise ¿can reduce competit competition and increase concentration as well as
Concentration monopoly power,
The
is especially a problem when the industry is very critical to the country concerned. decline of collapse of a big fire in such an industry may put a large number of workers out of job and push the related industries into difficulties. A depression or mass unemployment may thus
六期星
result.
日一月二十年九七九一公年八十六國民華中
On the other hand, monopolistic power can bring harm to the consumers if the large firms decide to charge higher prices in order to realize more profits.
1980
中學會考試題預習專欄
附加數
(A)
明德出版社岑俊彦提供資料
Additional Mathematics (8)
Solutions to Exercise 4
1,
3:2
E
(2,3)
B(7.5)
C (6.-2)
Lot I be (yq, F;) and F he (gr Yo)
AF CB
2+7(3)
Then g
4+21 247
=5
3+5()
y
1
1+5
6+15
2+3
22
Similarly, = 12-0
•*. E(5, 2)
· Slope of EF=—=7
Ans
(0)
21 5
-0
ཏ་ྟ་
Slope of BC =-
7-6
.". LF/BC
Ans.
2.
5.6
R<,K)
Let (h, k)
4y-3x-2=0
-P(4,1)
Since PQ:PR=1:3
PQ:QR=1:2
the co-ordinates of Q
(1+8 112)
But Q lies on the line 43-3x-2=1)
., 4(+)-3(+)-2.0
B
4k+8=34~2~6=0 .*.4k-3h-22=0
the equation of the locus of # is given by ky-7x-22×0.
F
A
Given: AB: 2x+3y=4F
BC: 3-2x=0)
CA: xsy-740
Ans
A
The equation of the line CF through t, the intersection of DC and AC is given by 4x+5~7+k, (y~2x) −0
4,0. Cr: (4−2k, se
(5+k1)y~7×l)
Again BE; 2x+3y+kp{y=2£}={}
1.«. (2-2kg)x+(3+k1}y={} since CFLAB,
(
=-1
2(4=2k, }+3(5+kg }={
27
Since BELAC
-(2-9)
3+k2
(*)
4 (2−2kg)+5(3+k ̧}u}}
... k=23
.*. CF: (4-46)x+
(5+23)x-7=0
{、e. 6x-4y+1=0 .......(1)
(5+2y=0
and BE: (2-4)x+
Solving (1) and (2),
we have
x=-1, y==5
..the orthocentre, I
=(−1, −).
-2x-3y-600
Let the equation of the the circle be
x2+y22gx+2[y+C=0
Since it passes through (7, -3) and (0, 6),
we have
5+3+2/5)8+2(~3}{+C=0
F ̧», 10g-bf«C«-34 ................(1)
and o
+6°42μ(0)+2(6} f«C=0 120+C=-36
......(2) Since its centre (~g, ~f) lies on the line 2x-3y-6=0
·.". 2(-g)-3(-8)−6~0
-2g+3f=6
(1)-(2): 5g-9f=1 (4)+3•(3); g=-19
(3)
(4)
52
==
and C-92 the circle is
22
x2+y2+2(~19)x+
2(32)+92=0
i.e. 3x
3x2+3y2-114x-64y+276=0
Ans.
~Y~mx+ms-t-o
£ can be written as
y-mx-ms-t=0 Since this line touches
2 2 2 the circle x+y=r"
then distance from (0, 0)
to the line = radius
(0)-n(0)+58-t_r
√1+(-) (msit)2
1+m
22
ms-etm+
m+t2
2 한
i.e. (s”-r”)¤ ̈-28tm
2 2
Now, y-k=m(x-7)
t=4. 8-7
2_2=64-82
and x y
.*. r=8
2
2 2
A79.
射
Substitute these values of h, k, r inte (3),
15m+50m+48m@
(3m+4) (5m+12)=0
mor 12
-
Ans
When me, the tangent from (7, 4) is given by y=4(x-7)
f.e. 4x+3y=40-0
Ans.
Int
When m=1, the tangent is
x-4=-12(x-7)
1.5. 12x+5y=104 =0