頁二第張六第 日八廿月八年未己藤夏
WAH KIU YAT PO
報日僑華
四期星
1980
-Winter Isotherm
Summer Isotherm
to lose a greater amount of heat than will land to
日八十月十年九七九一公年八十六國民華中 青教儒龜
中學會考試題預習專欄
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地理
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Geography (2)
Questions for Revision:
3. The figure below shows the
temperatures of three cities
and their locations. Discuss the various factors`giving rise to the differences in their temperatures.
CITIES
Jan. T.
Jul, T
Tokyo 3.0°C
Lanchov
0.5°C
25.0°C
28.3°C
Foochow 11.6°C
27.9%
LANCHOUT
-30°
FOOCHOW
Suggested Answers:
3. FACTORS GIVING RISE TO
DIFFERENCES IN TEMPERATURES:
A) Latitude
Foochow is värmer
than Tokyo and Lanchow in winter and hotter than they in Bummer. It is because the they are located at
different latitudes. Foochow, being located at a lower latitude than the other two cities, i's heated more intensively by the sun in both seasons. The sun's rays, which fall on Foochow at a larger angle, bring more heat since they have travelled through a shorter distance in the atmosphere and spread over a smaller area. The other two cities, on the other, are located at higher latitudes; so the sun's rays fall more obliquely and less heat can be aborbed.
B) Distance from sea
Temperatures of Tokyo and Lanchow are not the Bame although they are located at the same latitude. Tokyo is varmer in winter and cooler in summer than Lanchow. It is because air temperature of a place can also be affected by its distance from sea. Tokyo is located along the coast. Since water surface heats up more slowly than sea in summer, it is cooler than the land surface. If there is onshore wind, cooling effect can be felt at coastal city as in Tokyo, While Lanchow, on the other hand, experiences more extreme temperature because of its interior position. In winter, the heat of water body is loat more slowly than land, so there is warning effect brought along by the onshore wind and affects Tokyo. But for Lanchow, the warming effect cannot be felt and because land loses heat more rapidly, it is much colder than Tokyo.
C. Ocean current
The temperatures of A coastal city as Tokyo can also be affected by warm and cold ocean currents such as the Koro Shio and Oya Shio, no the temperatures are not 80 extreme as those of Lanchow.
. ISOTHERMS OF AN CONTINENT
OCEAN
LAND
HIGH
LATITUDE
OCEAN
LATITUDE
Above is a generalized
pattern of distribution for
summer and winter isotherms as they may appear on a hypothetical continent in the Northern Hemisphere.
a. Describe the
characteristics of summer and winter temperatures as shown by the pattern.
b. Account for such a
distribution pattern.
Suggested Answers:
4. a. Characteristics
1) Comparison between the
coast and interior
The isotherms, though in general run east-west, do not follow the parallels exactly. In winter, 1sotherma bend strongly equatorward, which means that temperatures along the coasts are varmer than those of the interior.
In summer,
the reverse is true -- isotherms bend strongly poleward, indicating that the coasts are much cooler than the interior, (Fig. 1) Fig. 1(a)
CHARACTERISTICS OF
WINTER ISOTHERMS
Winter To
-10%
LAND
10%
A: 10°C B: -10°C
C:
Fig. 2(b)
OCEAN
(A & C are
warmer than
CHARACTERISTICS OF
SUMMER ISOTHERMS
10°C
20%
30t
B in winter)
Summer T
LAND
*A: 10°c
B: 30°c
C: 20°c
(A & C are
cooler than
B in summer)
2) Comparison between the
West and East coasta
i) The isotherms strike the western coast at a much Higher latitude than the east- winter temperatures along the western coast are warmer than the east. (Fig. 1(a), A is varmer than C).
ii) The summer isotherms skew to the west - summer temperatures on the western coast are cooler than the east. (Fig. 1(b), A is cooler than c).
b. Reasons
1. Reasons for the more
extreme temperatures in the interior:-
The coastal regions experience warmer winter temperatures and cooler summer temperatures since they can be modified by the ocean. Water codies are always warmer in winter and cooler in summer since they warm and cool more slowly than do land area. There are three primary reasons for the contrasts in land and water temperatures;
1) Water is mobile and experiences both vertical and horizontal movements which distribute heat energy absorbed at the surface throughout its mass, whereas insolation is absorbed by land only at the surface and is transmitted downward slowly by conduction.
ii) The specific heat of
water is higher than that of
land. That is, a given mase
of water requires more heat energy to raige its
temperature 1 then does an
equal mass of dry land, Consequently, the same
amount of insolation will produce a higher temperature on a land surface than on a water surface. Conversely, in cooling, water will have.
produce the same drop in temperature.
The general effect of the contrast in heating of land and water areas is to produce colder winters and hotter summers in the center of continents than along coasts and over oceans. Coastal or marine climates tend to be moderate, expeiencing no great extremes in either daily or annual 'temperature changes,
2. Reasons for the more
favourable climate of the western coast
The western coast of
a continent always experiences a more climate, with a cooler summer and warmer winter than the east. It is primarily due to the effect of ocean current, of which the effect is made more signigicant by the onshore prevailing winds.
nor
Through the horizontal trahsport of ocean water in the form of currents and drifts, heat is carried from one part of the earth to another. As all of us know that an ocean current traveling towards a pole will warm air which passes over it, producing air temperatures higher than that would normally be expected for the latitude, However, it should be noted that neither oceana ocean currents can have their maximum effect upon temperature unless the prevailing winds blow from water to the land. Prevailing wind direction and the movements of air masses have a direct influence upon the average temperature of an area. Below is a simplified diagram showing the flow of ocean currents and direction of prevailing winds(Fig. 2). Fig. 2
OCEAN CURRENTS AND PREVAILING WINDS
LAND
"
{
starch (~~) and Y (~
Concentrattions of
0
t
Enzyme X
Time
a few drops of HaOH Solution
A test-tube which contained some starch solution was kept at pH 7.5 and 37°C. Enzyme X and a few drops of NaOH solution were added at the times indicated in the graph above. The concentra- tions of starch and substance Y formed were recorded as shown in the graph. (a) What is an enzyme? (b) State the action of
enzyme X.
(c)(1) Suggest one particular
enzyme for X.
(2) Then, what is Y? (d) What effects would have
been recorded if a greater amount of enzyme X had been added at the time indicated?
(e) Describe and explain the
effects would have been recorded if the contents of the tube had been maintained at
(1) 10°C, and (2) 80°C.
(f)(1) Describe the effect of
NaOH solution on the action of enzyme C. (2) Give a possible explanation.
2. X is a secretion produced
by the mammalian digestive System and is thought to be an enzyme. The following diagram shows the results of an experiment to investigate it.
OCEAN
·LAND
་པ
-Masterlies
NE Trades
B1
Westerlies
C
1
Warm Ocean Current -Cold Ocean Current
D
Prevailing Winds
From the above diagram, we can see that winter temperatures of the western coast, especially in higher latitudes, can be raised by the warm ocean current, of which warm sir is brought, to the land by onshore westerlies. In the northern part of the eastern coast, cold, ocean current is folwing along, so temperature is lover.
In summer, the southern part of the eastern coast is auch hotter than in corresponding latitude on west side of the continent since the warm air above
the warm water is brought
landward by the onshore NE trades.
1980
中學會考試題預習專欄。
生
物
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明德出版社梁家翻提供資料 Biology (2) -
Unit 1: Nutrition /
1.
Plant nutrition
glass tube.
water
AURO water + X
cooked egg white
water +
boiled X
water +
2 drops of dilute HC1
All the glass tubes were fully filled with cooked egg white at the beginning of the experiment.
(a) From the appearance of
the cooked egg white in A ånd B, what conclusion can you draw about the function] of X?
(b) Describe the results in C
and D, and explain how the results on comparing with B support the hypothesis that X is an enzyme.
(c) Which of the results
indicate X is not pepsin? Explain your answer.
3. A destarched potted plant was
selected, leaf A was thoroughly coated with
petroleum jelly on the upper surface, leaf B on its lower surface, leaf C on both upper
and lower surfaces, while leaf D was uncoated. The plant was placed in the light as shown in the following diagram.
B
After 3 days, these 4 leaves and the petroleum jelly was
removed before the iodine test was performed. (a) In the design of this
experiment, what is the purpose of the leaf that is marked with D? (b) In which leaves will
photosynthetic activity appear to be greatest? Explain it.
(c) In which leaves will
photosynthetic activity appear to be least, explain it.
ANSWER:
1. (a) An enzyme is a protein
secreted by living cells to act as a biological catalyst to speed up the rate of a chemical
reaction.
(b) Enzyme X converts starch
into substance Y.
(c)(1) Ptyalin.
(2) Maltose.
(d) There would have been an
increase in the rate of starch degradation and that of Y formation. (e)(1) There would have been
a decrease in the rate of starch degradation and that of Y formation since enzymes become inactive at a low temperature.
(2) The reaction would have
stopped since the enzyme protein is denatured at 80°C.
(f) The addition of NaOH
solution causes a decrease in the rates of starch degradation and Y. formation.
A possible explanation is that the enzyme does not work its best in an alkaline solution. 2. (a) X breaks down the cooked
egg white.
(b) C: egg white was not
broken down by boiled X: D: egg white was not
broken down by X in the presence of dilute HCI.. Since activities of enzymes are pH-dependent and enzyme proteins can be denatured at high temperatures, the facts that the function of X is lost in an acidic solution and after boiling support the hypothesis that X is
an enzyme. (c) The results of B and D.
The reason is that pepsin functions best in an acidic
solution.
3. (a) Leaf D acts as a control
for comparing the results. with other leaves, (b) Photosynthetic activity
appears to be greatest in leaf D, since leaf D is uncoated with petroleum jelly which is impermeable to gases, carbon dioxide can pass through the stomata in the upper and lower epidermis into the mesophyll of the leaf. As a result, the mesophyll cells may make use of this carbon dioxide as raw material for photosynthesis.
(c) Photosynthetic activity
appears to be least in leaf C, since it is coated with petroleum jelly on both upper and lower surfaces the carbon dioxide cannot enter the leaf for photosynthesis.