★教儒曲:其三第張八第一日七十月十年午戊夏
1979
(二)諫逐客書的寫作背景
中學會考試題預習專欄
中國文學
明德出版社:騶曉明 魯燠珍提供資料
海諫逐客書
李斯
一》李斯的生平
·李斯是一個極端會主明法的洗家,生於楚國 蘭陡的上蔡(今河南省上蔡縣)。自從預藏學帝 王之術於蘭坡。秦王政部位的一年西入秦,秦館 呂不韋賞識他的才能,任用勉歡師,因此有機會 兌秦王運併大膩,秦王用了他的對諜,拜他做操
秦王政十年,秦密的宗密和大臣們燒戲囉逐 客譽,李斯因而亦在被逐之列。他心中覺得樂國 這續做法时窖號不公平,而且自己的前途也大烴 影響,因此心中非常實懣,在被逐途中便為了一 無諫逐客書,批評褻王逐客的不當,快樂王覺悟 過來,把他召遞並今他做延时
秦王政統一天下,稱始皇帝,命李新鋡永棋 ,李斯助際廢除了周室的封蕙制度,政府郡縣制 並波數王夷平名都大妮,鎮幣天下武器,焚娥 時畫及其他緒子學說,統一文字和度量衡制度,
,並浙人築國長城防禦何奴。李斯對寨 【統一的功勞可說不少。然而,可始盡死後 李斯都興高膝造詔書殺太子扶繇,改立二世 胡友。後超高刪政,與李斯不和,在斯謀夜,期 結果被下猷,腰斬於咸陽市,並夷三族,可說自
李斯工於書法和文字之學,當作倉輕屬,以 名世。他的文章精錄寒悍,嘗於編排,氣勢
阿洲駪交的祖師,也是漢藏的前驅。
1979
中學會考試題預習專欄
明讓出社孔露莰黶榮飬提供資料
經濟及公共事務(六)
Economic and Public Affairs
(6)
BUSINESS UNITS and
OWNERSHIP
Definition of a firm
A firm is a business. unit formed for the purpose of carrying on some kind of economic activity. It is the basic unit of production Most business firms are privately owned and motivated by profits. It should be noted that - ownership is a determi- ning factor in a firm's behaviors by
Public and Private
Enterprises
The basic unit of planning and control over production is the enterprise. The terms firm and enterprise actually belong to one group. All modern econom- ic societies have such control units, but there are wide differences in the ways they are organized.
Public enterprise is owned and managed by the state. In Hong Kong, the owner of such enterprise is the government. The Post Office, the Water Works, the airport, and the British section of the Kowloon and Canton Railway are public enterprises.
Private enterprise is owned and managed by the private individuals. In our community, which follows the laissez- faire (free enterprise) principle, most of the commercial and
industrial concerns are privately owned.
The Sole Proprietorshi
This is the oldest and simplest type of firm that has the characteristic of "one- man" business.
All the firm's decisions are centered in him, all profits from the firm is his, and he is personally liable for all the firm's debts. There is no legal: distinction between the personality and possessions of the owner and those of the firm. In fact the owner is the firm and is
WAH KIU YAT PO
輋自孝公由高鞅行涂治後,國力大蟲,然 大國以上。漸次數贊大觀的安全。因爲在地
。秦王政十年,韓國因苦為家眼接蜷所迫,懷話 了一個水工鮮感醒棄,銚藥開鵬音中山長口~ 我的淫水水泥,長約三百里,企圖使媒偷輕人力 物力而不規棧餘國。可是,韓國遁濟陽謀,被樂| 國號破,襄王很彍怒,衰島的宗業和大臣們也跌 樱排擠外來的蜜客,主將觸逐客觀。於是李斯也 受奪重出境。他在途中上養棄王,以利有秦主 收囘成命;並賽录史實證明客需對秦的功勞和逐 客的不智,秦王鷲了,覺悟過來,便使人召選李 斯。這是陳逐客書的由來。而李斯的寫作技巧。 願關的緊碶得體,亦可在進裹見面了。 (三)諫逐客悽的主旨、裴落大意和寫作技巧。
(1)
本集主旨在用囅史與事實證明客如對樂。 有利無書,使王骤解逛客的不智而收酒成
(2) EXAME:
第一節關門羌山地推出寨逛者的錯誤, ENSERER (BA-#A» KESREE 用客鄉而致富強的史實,證明鰲用客減
第二撕再以彩寶、酸居、美女、音樂篇 喩,證明物之肢會在「快意通額」,而不必 泰,用人而當宮謀,辣非合理
第三節以自然放並非之議,捉客 野
第四節橚被全文以利撕得失(弼者以費 敵國,批以控體,內自進而外捕怨於諸侯 )在王城服名之不當,讓喘一、二、三千
(3) 撕作技巧:
̇(?)秸柵厳棄,設溫透憶
本篇開醬即指逐客的識誤,以爲
personally responsible
for everything the firm does.
The Partnership
A partnership is
composed of several
(more than one) owners.
who pool their resources together to form the
firm.
The partners agree among themselves about how much capital each is to contribute, what role. each will play in the management, and how much each will share in the profits. A partnership has more capital and resources and thus has greater possibility of staying in the business: Since different partners may have different skills or experiences, each can contribute to the firm in various ways. Also there is flexibility and adaptability for the firm when partners are directly involved in supervision and thus the motivation to work is therefore strong
The Limited Company (Joint-stock Company)
This is a legal form of enterprise (organiz- ation) designed to take advantage of large-scale production methods by pooling the wealth of many people into a single enterprise while at the same time maintaining centralized control over, and responsibility for operations.
The major characteristic of a limited company is that the liabilities of the shareholders are limited. This simply means that the liability of the shareholder is limited to the fully paid up value of the shares he holds, so that should the company find itself in difficulties and unable to meet the demands of its creditors the shareholder
no more than the amount he has invested, the rest of his property being free from any claims by the company' creditors.
In Hong Kong, limited company is set up under the Companies Ordinance. Each limited company is a legal entity,i e., it is trea- ted as a legal person and has the right to sue and to be sued, can own property in its name. and makes contracts. The capital of the entity is divided into shares and the shareholders normally do not manage the firm. Instead, an Board of Directors is
郭日僑單
五期型
攜碼,起樂王的注意。跟譽拿出
到成功以說明客觀對於棄有利的,振聲 艾以人與物件一比較:物不能於囊,且 爲爽用。士不灦於樂為什麼不用?於是 向棄王播出「是不是『色樂珠天還比 人材重要?」的質詢,使秦王不能作答 而歐炤客鄉運爲蜂用的事實,筆法是康 厲襲贏的。進一步又再逃出成帝票的方 法在於兼收此書,宇宙自然如此,發 三王亦如此,老(外來的)察空票重的 )用是無可攬碼的。民之,若強者以 贅敵勵,無智者昕不爲的,歸結掏出攬 種做法等於把自己的武器強枪散人《猫 HR) » QEREBERE I CZEME DA ) : ,對泰國非常不利。這是本能請攔的無 點。李斯是秦國的利齊來請澥盃客 則不利於變的。最後統以「物不能於 真、可賢者飾」,四本文第二節,以
「土不願於褻」,「而圖患者未
南第一證,並暗示實效忠之忱,不 亢,再以「今逐客以費敵國,搬民以提 你,內自過的外樹怨於諸侯,求國無批 SKATAMA •] BIKIIEO •KŽ :無官吧一貫,結纏是低等的帳嚮,還遞
是何等的透徹。
本文帶用偶句,如一般先秦散文的 排比特色;却比一般先票的散文更見關 染之薨和糖碼的手法,味怪雄人以他爲 .換狀的醞顯了。
(A)本文展工藝的偶句有:
1江南金鍋不錯用,西劉丹釋不
宋
COMPETESLA « BAGAM
elected and it holds responsibility to the shareholders,i.e., to
report the state of bus- iness and publish the annual reports to the public.
There are two types of limited companies, the public limited company and the private limited company. The two are quite different as far as legal commit- ment, organization, and capital raising are concerned. A detailed comparison of them is found in the question and answer section in the later part of this lesson.
The Co-operative Society
This is anoth form of business organization but is quite distinct in its structure and object-: ives. The major aim of such a society is to provide benefits which are common to all its members.
The most common type of co-operative society is the Consumers..... Co-operative. The owners are sometimes also the customers and the profits are distributed among the members. The students co-operatives in many universities are examples of such. In Producers' co-operatives, the workers themselves own the business and elect some of their members to manage it. the profit then being divided among them. Co- operation among farmers is a good example of the producers' co-operatives.
Co-operative societies in Hong Kong have to register with the Registrar of Co- operative Societies and is incorporated under the Co-operative Societies Ordinance.. Presently, there are over 400 registered co- operative societies and all are under the control of the Registrar (The Director of Agriculture and Fisheries). Examples of co-operative societies in Hong Kong are the rural societies (e.g. the Vegetable Marketing Societies), the fishermen's societies (eg the Federation of Fishermen's Credit Societies), and the urban societies (e.g. the Building Societies)
日七十月一十年八七九一层公年七十六國民中
3彍黔荳以資敵國,却賓客以
龍俠,等等皆是。
(B)單行排勾的有
3致昆山之玉,有隨和之響, 跟明月之,眼太阿之麵。
·REJEZA (BACZEK - ̇機靈體之誠。
̇@夜光之珠不鯡頓廷,廖秉之羅 不為好玩,部衛之女不光後宫
(C)BERMA:
電,3物不面於棄,可買老師。 土不滿於素,願忠者樂。
(D)重疊式排句:
2泰山不能土場,故豁成美大
河溜不捧細流,故能就其深 「王者不邮素庶,故能成其懷。 篇中撞期的句子,俯拾卻是,以做行 文的流暢,浩
此外,本文鎣於換用間斃詞,如取 “得、迎、來等字,以避免用字意護,
作亦一大法門・
(四)附赠一韓非和李斯的思想、
請非和李斯的思想:
想世界。
:五問之宅,衝之以爨,五十滿可以交帛矣, 鋼冢約義之奮,無失其時,七十者以金肉矣。
* པོ
老者衣閘食肉,黎民不凱不變,然而不王者、 Z**.
「這種嘅界也不是幛非李斯之徒所能到的。因 爲在他們的眼真只看到“富强」二字。他們欠缺 了莊風的一份痴情,自然沒法露出莊于那種荒麼, 之書*他們更没有流子的一顆愛人類愛生活的赤 子之心,自然也不可能體會倒*如民不能不在的繁
滋家學說的目的只在「實務」。不便 振興業,經過大蟎賴兵士舊勇作證。所以商鞅. 便會說樂孝公「變法嬸形,內務汫球,外勸戰死 TROTEZA TERZEI! (BRE 富邊就製攝高長夫和兵士的横向地位。商歐觀 借読轉而明法」,轉非舊乾脆佛藏:“明 主之國,無寶簡之女,以快益教;無先王之靜,, 以吏您師。」有了商鞅一日汭七百人於潤水之先
秦始皇帝卅四年,李斯便意願:燒抽樂國 方以外的史賽,偶距時書者禁市,以古非今者
*卅五年素始強在咸陽比获了生四百六十多人
·李斯成了韓非思想的實後者
對華帝國來說,法不思想也許收到了短暫的 當之故,晈是扼殺了人民情、思想的自由。 導致了極欄的桃治,老百姓的牺牲未范太大了.
(1)誠冰李的生平大概和做的文章風機。
(2)(A)李斯爲什麼要上球逐客書給寨王?
同學們就进了粽非的「競難」和李斯的「陳 避古書」以徒,對法屬的思想和他們的文章風格 都想辉有了猷拒的翻撇了。其看他們起文章,在 鰛籤抽響上比數器前期的作家如孟子誠莊子來得(五)本期製作: 叉戴密,更緊湊了。在滿的運用,修辭技巧上 ̇東慭釀黃魚媒化了。簡單說,韓非李斯更能有 效地亚用文字*可是我們發言莊子肉丁解牛的故 事,看他形容庖丁:「妻刀瞻然,莫不中音,合 於秦林之鐘,乃中燕識之會。」寫鹿丁解牛物的 神氣:「摄艾文,駕之四藏,為之華政漸志。 」德達如刻畫入微的交字便不會在韓非李斯的作 品襄出現,我們再看齋立王間孟子(突翹奮文之 事」 孟子夏了一大者選舌欲,李適出了越套
QUESTIONS
Distinguish between a
public limited company and
private limited company.
The public and private limited companies are different in many aspects. A private limited company is usually small in scale and its number of shareholders ranges from 2 to 50; a public limited company is usually large and there is no upper. limit in the number of shareholders, but there must be at least seven. The shares of a private limited company are not quoted in the stock market and thus it can only raise capital from its shareholders in private. On the other hand, the shares of the
public limited company
can be quoted on the stock market and therefore it can raise a large amount of capital from the public through the stock exchange, by issuing shares or by issuing debentures (bonds). In this way, a large amount of capital can be accumulated from small savings of the public for the public limited company.
As far as the private limited company is concerned, a shareholder cannot transfer his shares without the consent of the company nor can any invitation be made to the general public to subscribe for shares. Hence the comapny cannot be controlled through trading of shares. Also, the shares cannot be used for speculation.
For the public limited companies, shares are freely traded in the stock exchange and the company can be controlled by purchasing shares. Therefore, the shares can be manipulated for speculation.
It should be noted that the financial statement of a private limited company is not open to the public and there is a close relationship between shareholders and management for such a company. The opposites are true for the public limited comapny,i.e. the financial statement of the company is open to the public and the shareholders usually only invest without taking part in the management of the company.
(日)他用什麼的方法來我明秦王黨新任用
(2$ (=) (2) (3)###);
(3) 赋分析车斯本文的寫作技巧。
(##(=) (3) (1) (1){$)`
2. What are the advantages
of public enterprise
of private enterprise
Advantages of public enterprise
Public enterprises are motivated by the consideration of the well-being and interest of the people, not that of making profits. There- fore a state-owned organization can offer to the public cheap, uniform piece and regular services, or products. Unlike private enterprise system, excessive competition can be avoided and the government can ensure that essential goodst and socially necessary services are maintained. Public investment also. can finance long-term and big projects such as the Plover Cove Schehme. which is too costly to private investors. Generally speaking, a government-run enterprise has better access to various kinds of information and statistical data and thus enables further development.
Advantages of private enterprise.
The activities of private enterprises are generally regulated by the law of demand and supply Competition among private enterprises. not only lead to new product and technology development (innovation), and thus economic progress, but also allows. a wider range of higher quality goods and services offered to the consumers. In addition. competition ensures price to be kept at a competitive level so that consumers can be benefitted more. The profit-making objective is a powerful incentive in making private enterpriser to work hard and display greater initiative in his work. This kind of drive. usually leads to more efficient and effective management. Moreover, the free market ensures the optimal (best) allocation of resources including labour and thus the possibility of wastage of resources. will then be limited.
Hence in such a system, the interests of the consumers are taken care of in that the product- ion of various goods and services is based on satisfying consumers' needs.