買四第張七第日十二月九年午戊
WAH KIU YAT PO
let x-loga
1979
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Additional Mathematics (2)
Solutions to Exercise
3-(-4)
·(2·3) (22)*-2
-4x+h, p2x−3 -2x-3
352.21. 31, 22x-4
34x+4+(2x-3)-5x-1
(a)3
-3-1-(2x-4)
3" (3-2)
3′′ (6-3-3)
-
-
(b)2n+2-35-50-1
5. 52-5-7-5, 5-1
***
3. 10g/8-10g/125+10g/27
log8-10g125+10g27t
|og6-Log5
#1og23_+10g53 {log3).
Įgg(3x2)-log5 1og2-310g5+log3
63+log2-log5.
3
(10g2+10g5-10g5) 10g2+1og3-1og5
4. 10223+10-210g
1
#loga3+log-log(2)2
32
=10g2
(a)loga+log(a+3)=1÷-
loga+log(u+3)=log10 loga{a+3)=log10 s(a+3)=10
+3a-10-0 (a+5)(a−2)=0
am-5 or 2.
(b)(loga)2-1oga-6-0
Ang.
Ans.
Ans.
Ans.
Ans.
2
Then x-x-6-0
(x-3)(x+2)=0
x-3 or -2
loga-3 or loga=-2
loga=log1000
a=1000 or
Toga-log1-Tog100
-108100
*
100
a=1000
or
100
(a)32×42.
Let y=33 so that
Then y y2+2y-15-0
(y-3)(y+5)=0
y=3 or -5 (neglected)
3*=3=31
x-1
(b)25 +4.5**-125
2x
-125-0
Let y 5 so that
Then y2+20y-125-0
(y-5)(y+25)=0.
Ans
y=5 or. -25(neglected) 5-5-51
Ans.
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Economics
(2)
Basic Concepts(Cont'd)
7. Price and value
Price: The price of a com- modity is the sum of money. which a person pays to a sell- er in order to
the own ership of the c
Thus, the pri talvi
of a certain commodity is that the exchange value of it which is in terma of money.
The price of a com- modity is determined by supply and demand conditions in the free market. It tends to rise as demand exceeds supply, or fall as supply exceeds demand in the market.
However, price may not move freely in accordance with changes in demand and supply due to market imperfec- tions or government intervent- ions.
Despite the fact that price may not reflect the real market conditions,
it still serve as an index for consumption, production, ex- change, and resources allocat- ion to certain extent, In a mixed economy, price plays a very important role indeed.
Value: For each commodity. there are two kinds of value, which are known as 'value in use' and 'value in exchange *
The value in use! of a commodity is the total utility which it yields as it is used. It reflects the usefulness of the commodity. ̃ ̈
The value in exch- ange* of a commodity is the
quantity of some other commo- dity for which the commodity can be exchanged. Thus, the exchange value of a commodity can be expressed in terms of units of some other commodity. It also can be expressed in terms of money, and is there- fore called price.
The value in use' of
■ commodity may differ from ita 'value in exchange', since the latter is usually affected by the market demand and sup-
報日僑
六期星
ply conditions. The higher the marginal utility of a com- modity, the higher ita value in exchange will be.
8. Production and Consumtion
Production:
Production is defined as any activity directed to the creation of goods or ser-
fces with given resources.
Production involves changes in time, place, form, and shape of the resources. The main aim of production is to provide sufficient goods and services to satisfy human, wants.
There are three stages of production, They are primary, secondary, and
They tertiary production a are interdependent on. one an- other.
Consumption:
Consumption is defined as the process of utilising a certain commodity or service from which satisfaction is obtained by the person who uses it...
Consumption is necess- ary for each individual and it is the primary motive for a person to work.
As consumption occur. utility is derived and the
need for
production arises.
9. Income and Expenditure
Income: Income is defined as the inflow of money or wealth to an individual or organisation. Income may arise as an reward to land, labour, capital, entrepreneur, or a transfer payment such as pension, social welfare assistance, or subsidy.
It is important to distinguish between real and money incoem. Real income is the amount of goods that can be purchased with the incoem. It reflects the real purchas- ing power of the income. Money income is the nominal. value of the money. In time of inflation, real income way fall although money income remains constant.
Expenditure :
The outflow of money of a person or a firm is called expenditure. The expenditure can be of various
forms, It may be spent on the consumption of certain commoditites and services, or the instalments of producer goods for further production,
Whenever income exceeds expenditure, stock of capital increases because. the remaining income which not spent will add to the stock of capital.
10. Types of Economy”.
In general, there are three types of economy. They are free economy, mixed economy, and planned economy.
日一廿月十年八七九一圈公年七十六國民華中 育教僑華
good ports or routes to go
best in making profita, while consumera have freedom in con- sumption to certain" extent,
}
In a planned economy,
the government decides on what goods should be produced, what factors of production should be adopted and in what quantities, Consumers have to accept the supply of com- modities and services at prices set by the government. In t this economy, it is the govern ment that dictates the produc... tion, consumption, distribut ion and employment of factors of production.
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史
HISTORY (2)
Philip Y.L.Woo
()
EUROPE IN 1871: AN INTRO- DUCTION
In Europe in 1871, there were six great powers. The
were:
BRITAIN She enjoyed naval superiority over all the other powers, a factor that. enabled her to safeguard he large overseas colonial possessions. ller foreign policy was one of "splendid isolation" (1.e. refrainin from being involved in continental European affair as long as the other five powers remained generally. equal in strength and tendc to balance each other
out in power. Britain advocat- ed free trade and mainten- ance of the status-quo (existing conditions of things) because in such circumstances she would continue her domination ov world affairs. Other Curopean powers accepted this British supremacy because of the British isolationism.
PRUSSIA (AFTER 1870-71, GERMANY) She defeated. Austria in 1866 and defeate France in 1870–71. (in the Franco-Prussian War). In
so doing, Prussia unified most of the previously separate German states in Central Europe. Ilence the rise of the German Empire This aroused fears and jealousy from among other powers, who believed that the European balance of power had been upset by the German supremacy. In turn, because of the suspicion o other powers, Germany her- self became increasingly concerned about national safety and reputation. As will be seen, she sought alliances with some powers for protection. The troubled times had begun.
out from land to the seas).
Such a Russian design was checked by two powers:
1. Britain - who, because of the control over the Gibraltar Strait (see map) and some important island bases in the Mediterranean Sea, tried to blacblock any Russian south ward advance. In fact, Britain had been traditionally anti-Russian (i.e. acting against Russia in foreign policy. 2. Austria
who (see he Low) had interests in the Balkans and who thus tried to check Russia from encroaching upon those interests. Austria safe- guarded the Danube River (see map) against any Russian move to the Balkars.
In the 1860s, Russia was generally not active in European diplomacy. This was because in 1854-56 she was defeated by Britain and France and was forbidden by the consequent peace treaty to militarily advance into the Black Sea (see map). In 1870-71, however, making use of Germany's rise to power, Russia declared her unwill- ingness to be bound by the peace treaty, The expected renewal of Russian expansion. to the Balkans after 1871. was a source of trouble în the future.
AUSTRIA - Unlike the other powers we have discussed above,
Austria was not a nation (i.e, a territory with a single race governed by a single authority) but was an empire (i.e. patches of territories where there were different races). This empire covered not only Central Europe but Eastern Europe as well (the Balkans), where minor states were emerging in the course of time. In the 19th century, the force of nationalism (i.e. patriotism or movement for independence) was grow- ing strong. Such a force of nationalism benefited othes powers by strengthen- ing their peoples' loyalty. To Austria, however, nation- alism meant disaster, for if the different races under
ustrian domination declared independence, the Austrian Empire would simply collapse. In foreign policy, Austria recognized how strong Prussia (Germany) was after 1870-71. Also, she gave up all hope of revenge on Germany for the 1866 war (see above) in which Austria was defeated. The way was opened for a reconcilation (1.e. becoming friends after a quarrel) between the two countries.
ITALY - Italy was divided into many separate states, many of which were under
TRANCE - She had been strong in the past but was now on the decline because of the defeat in the hands of Prussia in 1870-71, In this wär, France lost two
rovinces, Alsace and Lorrai Austrian domination, in the Lorraine, to Germany. The
lesire to recover these
rench territories, together with the intention of revenging Germany for the 1870-71 insult of defeat, sowed the seeds of Franco- German conflicts in the
In a free economy, prices are freely determined by the interaction of demand and supply conditions of markets. There is no govero- ment interventions on the eco-future. Meanwhile, after nomy at all. Production and consumption are directed by price. Decisions made by all producers and consumers are free from any intervention from the government.
In a mixed economy, both private sector and the government take part in the economic activities. The government imposes taxes on certain groups of individuals and business enterprises and spends public funds on certain public projects or schemes run by the government, On the other hand, private sector remains unaltered by the governmental actions, Businessmen still do their
1871, France became a Republic (the Third Republic the first being the one in the revolutionary age of the 1790s, and the second being che one from 1848 to 1852).
Because other powers were. Conarchies but France was Republic, France seemed iplomatically isolated in urope after 1871. RUSSIA Her ambition had been to expand in influence or in territory into the
alkans (sec map) so as to obtain an outlet into the
We must lediterranean Sea. remember, in this connection that Russia was a land- bound country (i.e. no
first half of the 19th century. In the mid-19th century, there was a nation- al unification in the Italian peninsula, and by 1870-71, making use of the moment when Germany defeated France, Italy completed her unification. Yet Italy was the smallest and weakest of all the great powers in Europe. Besides, the fact that her national unifica- tion was achieved by foreign "actors gave many Italians a feeling of national inferiority.
Gibrali
Danube