*育教僑華頁三第張六第日三十月十年巳丁屦夏
育教僑華
1978
「中學會考試題預習專欄
明德社主稱
生物 (八) 梁永華
BIOLOGY (8)
Unit 3: Transport in organisms
II Conventional questions:
1 The following apparatus was
set up.
leafy
water
mercury
What is the hypothesis that. this experimental set-up is endeavouring to verify?
What precaustion must be taken in setting up this apparatus?*
c. i) Name the process by which
water is lost from plant ?.
11) Why is this process is
important to pla which
d. Sugest five ways
we can increase the rate of the rise of mercury level in this experiment
Ans:
This experimental set-up is endeavouring to verify that transpiration sets up a suctional force which dravs water up the stem from the root.
b. The leafy shoot should be
water.
iration.
Transpiration is import- ant to plants for it helps to draw water up the stem and disperse the heat water evaporates.
2) low
d. 1) High temperat) high
humidity, 3) wind,
light intensity and 5) rela- tive high concentration of carbon dioxide,
The following diagram shows general plan of blood cir- culation in mammals.
a
D.A
D.
L: liver intestine
K: kidney
a. Name the blood vessels A-G.
b. Explain why the blood can
1) flow constantly in the
circuit, and
2) flow in a single direc-
tion.
What are the differences in the composition of the blood
in
1) chamber X and Y
2) blood vessel B and C
3) blood vessel C and F
4) blood vessel D and G
d. Rame two hormones which
Ans:
speed up the circulation. What are the advantages of double circulation in man?
A posterior vena cava
B: hepatic vein
Chepatic portal vein
D: renal vein gle
E: hepatic artery
F: corliac artery.
G; reual artery
b.1) The rhythmic pumping
action of the heart and the squeezing action of skeletal muscles on the veins ensure the constant blood flow.
2) The blood pressure pro-
duced by the contraction of heart and the presence of valves in veins ensure the blood to flow in a single direction.
X: deoxygenated blood, Y: oxygenated blood.
2) B: rich in urea,
C: rich in nutrients.
3) C: deoxygenated blood,
rich in nutrients,
F: oxygenated blood, rich
in nutrients.
3. The following diagram is
a comparison of artery and vein.
A
lumen
O
(x)
WAH KIU YAT PO
a. Which one (x or 1) shows
the cross section of artery? b. Explain why B and C layers
in X are thicker than those. în ve
The blood pressure in Y 'approaches zero. How can
the blood flow steadily in such vessela?
d. Why does the blood in
arteries has a brighter
colour than that in veins?
Ans:
ax: artery, i: vein. b. The thick muscular and
elastic layers allow the artery to stand against the high blood pressure. Valvos in veins prevent the backflow of blood. Further more, the contraction of the skeletal muscles and the breathing motion of the thorax help the blood, flow.
It is because oxyhemoglobin has a briglit red colour.
地理(八)
李婉儀
Sug
13:
GNGGRIZKIÝ - (8)
&*CILCZĄCTENI.
ers to 12 &
(1) Comparison between the coast utid anterior
The isotherms, touŻu an general ruu east-west, do not follow cae paralleis exactly u manter, 190 Chees vend trougly equatordid, wil Cameans kut temperatures along the cousus Be vai fi than those of the interior, In ouer, tu uverse is true 180 théra mendatang- ly poleward, indicating that the coasts are much cooler than the interior. (FIG. 1)
467 TA CUA THAISTIUS OF
WITEITHERS
OCEAN
OCEAN
LAND
LAND
OCEAN
CLEAN
Winter
4: 10° 8-10 C: 0°C
are warmer than Bin winter)
Summer
A10 D30
C 20°C
are cooleri thian Bin summer)
IB CLALACTE ISTICS OF
SUM EK 15O TURMS
(2) Comparison between the
f. & C. coasts
i) The isotherms strike the western coast at a much. higher latitude than the east winter temperatures along the western coast are warmer
than the east. (FIG. I A 19 warmer than (C)
ii) The summer isotherms skew to the west - summer temperatures on the western coast are cooler than the east. (PIG, in is cooler than C)
b. Reasous;
(1) Reasons for the more extreme temperatures in the interior The coastal regions experience warzer vinter tem-- peratures und oooler suer temperatures since they can be modified by the ocean. Water bodies are always warmer in winter and cooler in summer since they warm and cool more slowly than do land areas. There are three primary reasons for the contrasts in land and water temperatures:
i) water le mobile and expert- ences both vertical and hori- zontal movements which distra- Ente heat chergy absorbed at
報日僑華
the surface throughout its mass, whereas inselation is absorbed by land only at the surface and is tranquitted. downward slowly by conduction. ii) water is translucent and is penetrated by radiant energy to a much greater depth tran is opaque land. Thus a given quantity or insolation must be distributed through a greater ass of water than of land, even though their surface areas are the same, iii) The specific heat of water is higher than that of land.
That is, a given mass of water requires more heat energy to raise its temperat- ure 1 than does an aquai. mass of dry land. Consequent- Iy, the same amount of inso-
wifi produce a higher
ture on a land surface
on a water auriates. Conversely, un couling, water will have to lose a' greater amount of heat than will land 10 produce the same drop in temperature.
The general efect or the. contrast in heating of Land
and water areas is to produce colder winters and hotter..
summers in the center of
continen a than along coasts and over, oceans. Coustal or marine climates tend to be moderate, experiencing nó ja great extremea in either daily or annual tempera
changes.
(2) deasous for the more
favourable climates of the western coast The western coast of a continent always experiences
a more favourable climate, with a cooler anmer
-warm
er winter than the east. It is primarily due to the efect of ocean current, of which the effect is made mure samificant by the onshore prevailing winds,
Through, the horizontal. transport of ocean water in the form of currents and drifte heat is carried from one part of the cart to another. As all of us know that an oceau current traveling toward a pole will warm air which passes over it, producing air temper- atures higher than would. normally be expected for the Latitude. However, it should be noted that neither oceans nor ocean currents can have their Paximum effect upon techerature unless the prevail ing winda blow from the water to the land. revailing wind direction and the Lovements. of air asses Have a direct influence upon the average temperatures of an area. Below is a simplified diagram showing the flow of ocean currents and direction of
revailing winds (16. 11).
FIG. 11
LAND
W
GC.LAN. CURIGENTS AND PREVAILING WAPLES
LAND OCEAN
Westerlies
NE Trades/
S.E. Trady
Lwesterlies
Warm Ocean Current Cold Ocean Current Prevesling Winds
from the above diagram, we can sue this winter temper- atures of the western coast, expecially in higher latitudes can be raised by the warm ocean current, of which warm air is brought to the land by onshore westerlies. In the northern part of the eastern coast, cold ocean current is flowing along, so temperature is lower.
In summer, the southern part of the eastern coast is much hotter than in corres- pending latitude on west side of the continent since the war air above the warm water is brought landward by the onshore No trades
All the above concepta. can be applied to any conti-
For nent in the world. explanatory purposes, the temperatures of North America and the relevant, actors are ahown below. as
an example (FIG. 111).
三期星
日三廿月一十年七七九一圈公年六十六國民中
of time.
IG. HII MINTER AND SÚMER
TEMPERATURES OF NORTH AMERICA
Westerlies
- २१६
Summer Isotherm Winter Isotherm Cold Ucean Current Labrador Current California Current Warm Ucean Current
Gulf Stream Alaska Current Prevailing kind
Advantages of mixed farming:
The diagram is an exam¬ ple of a mixed farm, Mixed farming is a common feature in the wheat belt in aus tra- lia. In recent years, most of the farms there combine⠀⠀ extensive wheat farming with the
growing of other cropa and the rearing of sheep either for their woel or their meat.. Fixed farming 19 practised there because of the following reasons:
1) In the farm, cultivated land is divided into paddocks up to 42 hectares in size. The paddocks are used for the growing of wheat and pasture, and she u them are left fallow. These are evidences suggesting that crop rotation and land rotation are most probably round there. Hota- tion is practised there in order to check soil erosion. Soil exhausts easily under Monoculture. If the same kind of crop is grown year after year on the same piece oland, after a certain period, the soil fertility will be deflected and the yeild of the cron will become
lower and lower. By the rotation of crop with regular fallow period, soil fertility can be retained and a higher wheat yield is possible.
2) Since the soil is more fertile, pasture for sheep can be imporved.
3) The diversification of farming ractice can guarantee
and increase the incomes of the farmers as well, ·Even
though there is a crop failu the loss incurred can be compensated for ty the sale
of
After harvesting of the wheat, the stubbles can be utilized to feed Lue sheep.
5) The adep grazing on the Land produce waste poducts. which are good fertilizers for the s
soil.
) The work on tue farm 18 spread evenly throughout the "year since 'wheat is: aowu in late autumn and winter and harvested in summer, while shearing and lambing take place in spring.
b. Differences from an
average farm in Hong Kong 1) The mixed farm, with a to- tal area of 275 hectares, is much larger than the farms in Hong Kong. Many arms in Hong Kong are less than one hactare.
2):
The land o⠀ the farm 19 divided into paddocks in which a single type of crop is grown. In Hong Kong, several differ- ent types of crops can be found growing on a small plot of land.
3) Crop rotation and land. rotation are practised there. Some lanil is left fallow for the recovery of fertility. In long kong, except the aban- doned land, land belongs to a former is fully utilized, Usually the harvest of one crop is immediately followed by another. Some times fallow land ay be found, but is only for a very short period
4) The wheat grown on this farm is grown as a kind of commercial crop, white wool
of the sheep which fed on the pasture also enters interna- tional trade. Farming in Hong Kong is mainly subsist- ence. The products from an avera e fara in llong Kang account for only a small percentage of local consump- tion.
5) The atanilard of living of the wner of this farm is high while in Hong Kong, the life. of farmers is usually poor because the farms are too small to be worked at a profit
6) This farm is highly mech- anized, Wheat is harvested by combibed harvester and wool sheared by electric shears.
In llong Kong, farine are too small to be mechanized.
Farmers keep buffaloes for pulling the ploughs.
Revisional questions
14.
with reference to the weather chart given below, answer the following:
a. List and explain all the
sabels found on the chart which indicate weather conditions.
Describe as exactly as you can the local weather as shown on the chart.
In which direction is the depression moving? With the aid of diagram(s), describe and explain the changes of weather you would expect to find in Hong Kong on the following few days.
WELTHER CHART FOR
0200 Hmm, H È. 51. T.;
|Jan:/14°C
[July 11°C
HIGH
Hamilton
PACIFIC OCEAN
·363
Auckland
Wellington
Jon, 17.3%
July 8.9°C
Tatal 17,125 mg
42's
Main dairy farming areas Land over 300 m Frevailing wind
Above is a map showing the grazing ground of dairy cattle in New Zealand.
a. Describe the importance
and characteristics of dairy/farming in New Zealand.
b. Account for its success.
24 LE SUE