真四第張六第日八十月一十年卯乙歷
OWAH KIU YAT PO
報日僑華
夏僑榮
1976中學會考試題預習專欄
堅道書院主編
|經濟及公共事務科(六) 李維
ECONOMIC AND PUBLIC AFFAIRS (6)
Section A: Question Five
What is an optimum firm? What are intermal economies and diseconomies of scale?
An optimum firm is a firm which produces at the minimum average cost. It is the most efficient size of a firm. At that size there will be no
motive for further expansion, for at any other size, it would be less efficient and would raise the cost of production. The optimum size will vary from one industry to ano the rand from one period to another. The optimum may change as a result of changing conditions and the develop- ment of new techniques.
Internal economies are those as- pects of increasing size which lead to falling average costs. The main internal economies of scale are: (1) Labour economies. As a firm in-
creases in size, the principle of the division of labour can be appl ied to an increasing' extent. This may lead to greater efficiendy and lower cost.
(2) Technical economies • The large
specialised plant and ' machine rry: can be fully utilised only witha large output. It is easier for a large firm to economise the use of materials than a small firm:
Moreover, a large fim is more in a position to carry out researches. for new products, and new methods. :of oroduction than a small firm.
六期星 日十二月二十年五七九一篇公年四十六國民華中 青教儒韻
(3) Marketing economies. A large firm is capable of buying. its requirements cheaply than a small one, for it always buys in large quantities. Moreover, a large firm enjoys a lower per unit se11- ing cost, packaging costs and "ad- vertising costs as well.
4) Financial economies. The fact
that it is large with larger asse- "ts will enable it to borrow money-
jnd re readily and more cheaply than the small firm It has access to the: long-term capital market where it can raise substantial suns:by.. a public issue of shares. (5) Managerial: ecoiomies. The cost
per unit of management obviously will fall as output increases. Moreover, as the scale of product- ion rises, it may pay to employa more talented manager. as manage ment becomes more complicated .
(6).Risk-bearing economies. A large.
firm is better equinned to reduce.
its risks because: (a) it can afford to have diversification in
院員
黼蹰貝爲香港饢南
决這間。.
特新探勘 新校在劃
明詞實德
有丞
聯
and (b) that
products and markets a large firm has a greater share of the market, thus it is capable of having a better picture of the market. conditions.
Increasing size brings many advant- ages, but it will cause average coste of production to start rising when the size of the firm increases ba- yond the optimum size. This is the diseconomies of scale. They are
As mainly management diseconomies.
the size of a firm expands, the tasks of organisation and coordinat- ion become more and more complicated. Management becomes less flexible. Thus, the multiplicity of departmen- ts'as a result of growth in size makes administration more costly.. Red tape and paper works may reduce the efficiency of the firm. Question for next" week:.
What are the different forms of division of labour? Explain the
advantages and disadvantages of
division of labour.
孩小與利差
靈別卓利差耀
!作傑的功成最生畢
欣家最薦特電 賞老合本別檢 !幼全片推處
瓜場六天今
天三售預・場夜午開加
·公鵝 明機
文化看
承得 會先 南有將 甚而先 解英 計算: 饗印來業
帝 英國域國|東
The Kid
京 華 利|賓|方
聖誕巨片
聖 宜成幼老
誕
三生刻見會諷 分入劃血一剌 「木人!針社
令輕合幽令人令動 人 人默人情人
歡諧激諷動味絕滑 欣趣賞刺容濃倒稽
人深赚趣樂喜 掉·人横·怒 腹令熟生妙宴
政明儷
由府致 蒼白 撥義詞
地甫
̇撥
業
(本報記者稱》 (左上)立法局非官守糖員羅德丞致病。(左下)校校長安格实行前池一步,即本青阳 《下发》立法局非官守議員羅梅派之夫人挽狠予中學畢業生代表授蛋她在會計教育方面,其 崔宗書院及中學畢樂:(右上)橫開教育機構董事會主席朱孝甫事」遭又是一個可事的质感 無前途必定握益不少,
商再思惠
典最不可缺少的工具,
..慣南教育機得主席
在華問,事業,或社會
服務等方面均有禳大成水店
就:希望各生攝以籍
共爲機室,爲散南大故
光明。”
費百欬稱
放
釀
大
肚無。
成齒論單
韓國百外,委爲費永育 尙數定
務節、林之,
府栖批准斑息贷款三百 百五
萬三千七百元,兩項計·報告校精验;
嶺南書院及中國
誰略表演中之白兔仔及扮演豺狼之幼克合影 樹蓋、培茲幼克西聯合舉行預祝
本多
狼
共爲三百八十七萬七千
·三百元,支持本校興建一出...上年度,常生
大酒恆觀英北寶民國書版 五今安蛊星塘亊河石樂都带都 場天滿光。楽龍。昌南。邦聯
江會
【座訂早請擠必末週
專愛文老 吼情夫婆
姚子私賭
羮到功媚 怨販走规、家 力 陈露射彈?
灣暴四肉
汪 利力娜帆秋萍
門女擒男
里的大的
藥
欸不懂完
戴順唔
禁使得把 位 友重來 一演
*所校二助助蕊者委褟款:項
黄在木狼 演牌 天扮中,担的由案時祝培 手语三的討采 美法規 年任狀培,學聖基特
̇賓這個小了,兔,小兔我兒繫法會選擲 及齣性朋。把的老,駕美国南加,南基 兼歌,友而 小小成 但媽適担。小於校幼
·長劇機,那白持演小来任:朋昨聯克
友演 聖明,出得把出,等上用心八卦
·校干器。一樓小小一多程 一要老開眾方分不知選桶期袋一的基 面老人心高的自大一田园” 友人火小幼
午扣
寬帶偡午辦人。 樂小
,劝利班女、種種。簡在
會金疆尤萬
石达
ROBERT
THE
GREAT
Corporation
MET ERODE
REDFORD
¥
ALDO
PEPPER
魄動心驚。激刺度高
綫聯年六七九一 黃森路希萊治佐藥 炮一第
献盛 臨映大
傑怪行飛
拼做假競片交戰狐:
飛 命兩戲技場鋒場注命戲行 小雄真1上1上!作1作
片豆町公球璃行發可公術藝場当新......
蓬史“福拔
胡品沈何邵
國帝
←獵頭牛九>
作大咖本熊 映献全
【录主和
孩小利差
月
出家兩兼校束,不 | 九農區,按半創。大起懷
蘿油
大食下
耕蓮·戒老 請府宜幼
餃
依田鵞石馮
遝琜齲悱帆
吃於親四外期一:
專文軍風上美流意 欄君火流將國將大 作新商英,三軍利 者寡人俊星,風
新京華 聲|都
劇喜情愛司公洲歐
THAT
LUCKY
TOUCH
巨下 献能期
羅德谷
美絲
演出合事
,匯集約
度黨破金繼 合一黃剛· 作再金勇鐵