育教僑華頁三第張六第日七初月五年亥辛夏 WAH KIU YAT
1971 英文中學會考試題預習專欄
新光出版社主編、 SUNLIGHT PRESS
地理科
GEOGRAPHY:
PART C'
PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY
LESSON THIRTY
PRESSURE AND WENL-
(H)
The various gases which make up the atmosphere have considerable weight that exerts. a force, upon the surface the earth which is known as the air pressure. The pressure at ground level is equivalent to the effect of a weight of about 15 lb. on every square inch of the surface. The density or the air in the. lower layers of the atmosphere is greater than in the higher ones; in the first few thousand feet above sea-level pressure decreases at the rate of about 1 inch for every 1,000 feet. At about 17,000-18,000 feet the air pressur is reduced to about half of its sea-level value, therefore pressure readings are corrected to the reading of sea-level. and at a temperature of 32 F
Under normal conditions the pressure of the air fluctuate :considerablyy. it usually ranges between about 28.5 and 30.5
inthes. In a weather chart places of equal pressure is joint: ty isobars marked with the appropriate millibars. With changes of temperature between land and sea, the density and weight.. of a given volume of air above the land and sea is different. This difference of density of air would set up vertical and horizontal movement of airy resulting in different atmospherde pressure. The regions with high temperatures would be likely to have relatively low pressures and that regions with low: temperatures would favour: the development of high pressure. The equatorial regions tend to get more: heat than, the polesa giving rise to a north and south movement of air. At the equato, the heated air from low pressure centres makes its way aloft; while at thie, poles the cold air at high pressure centres sinks towards the ground. Therefore there is less air and less pressure in the upper atmosphere at the poles than at the equator. Consequently, in the northern hemisphere, warm air trifts northward in the upper atmosphere and cold air south- sard in the lower steosphere..
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Ferrells Law states viar any object that moves irreely over the surface of the earth will be deflected to the right of the path in which it is travelling in the north hemisphere and ta the left of its path in the southern hemisphere. This law aris- es as the simple circulation of air is complicated by the earth spinning from west to east dragging the atmosphere with it.
Supposing: aw.ring: of air extending: around the earth starts out at the equator with the same west to cast speed as the earth and moves northwards. As it approaches the pole it will ∵be travelling in a constantly smaller circle and will therefore
pick up speed in respect to the speed of the earth rotating under it. In other wordsy at any place north of its starting point, it will be travelling faster than the earth but in thi same direction, viz. from W to C. Now the upper air does drif northward hence westerly winds develop in the upper atmosphere.
starting
Conversely, a circumpolar ring of air starting southwưarc from:the: polar region will be travelling in a constantly Larger circle as' it approaches the equator and will thereto. lose speed in relation to the speed of the earth at any place south of its starting points. Since it is going slower than the earth it will appear as an easterly wind. The lover air does drift southwards hence easterly winds develop in the lower atmosphere.
This deflecting in Tuence of the rotation on winds first demonstrated by Feriel is usually referred to as the Coriolis
force, This force is at a maximus at the pole and zero. at the equatory: it:acts at right angles to a moving body so that it; does not affect the speed of the body but only its direction of motion; and tt depends on the speed of the body, because the faster the body moves in a unit of time, the greater is the amount of deflection in that unit of time
The Circulation
Air heated near the equator rises, drifts northward and appear as a westerly vind at high levels, As it moves north- ward, it loses heat fairly rapidly and sinks. By the time it reaches 30 degrees north some of it has sunk to the ground, where it spreads out fanwise; pare of it going south, part north. The part that goes south becomes an east wind (Trades) and the part that goes north, a west wind (Westerlies). Meanwhile near the north pole, the southward drifting air at the: surface appears as an east. wiid. By the time it. gets to about 60 degrees. Nit meets the warn northward drifting west wind that has started at "about 30 degrees north. The latter ia forced up where they converge: meeting the tropopause they diverge partly southwards, partly northwards.
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Surface circulation in a high or low pressure region
In northern hemisphere wind moves away from the high- pressure center will be deflected to. the right, Therefore. the direction of air movement is clockwise. But in a low pressure centre air moves into it deflecting to the right of its original direction, so that the direction of air mov ment is anti-clockwise:
From such a patterny if a man. stand with his back to the wind, he will find low pressure on his left hand side and high pressure on his right hand side. This is Buy Ballot's Law
This pattern is true only in northern hemisphere, but reverse in the southern hemisphere,
The Equatorial front of convergence
At equator a low pressure belt of 1013 ab, (29.9") is a zone of convergence, as surface' air ie heated, expandsy.rises and air; moves in from both north and south hemisphere, This front of convergence of two air masses will have similar temperature and character. As the air rises to upper atmoss pherit is adiabatically cooled, turbulence and stora are forme There is very little seasonal changes and is knownás Doldrum. The Horse. Latitude Front of bivergence
At 30 N and S the poleward moving air in the tropopause from the equator tends to deacend, partly. diverted towards thie pole as the westerlies and partly back to the equator as the trades, Since air subsides from the upper air it is adiabatica ly heated.air: becomes.dry and absorba moisture readily, So along. 30 are regions of great deserts. However, this high pressure belt is interrupted by low pressure centres developed on continents much heated in summer. So in summer the High is found at: sea, but Tow on Land; and in winter the hiuhs are nore continuous.
"
Polar Front of Convergence.
At 60°N and S is the meeting of two very different air currente - the dry and cold Polar wind and the warm and moist: resterlies from the equator, These westerlies are parts of th squatorial upper air current, sink at 30° and move towards the Polear
When these two different winds meet, friction created: especially when the character of two dinds is extreme, and where surface feature of land is not uniform, Such a friction: would cause air wavea which move in clockwise directione which ve term as cyclones.
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