REFERENCI
育教儒華頁三第張六第 日五廿月四年戌庚曆夏 WAH KIU YAT PO
$#%#%#$%$#$%$##£#S
報日橋
CITY
In 1882, Germany, Austria and italy concludéa the Triple Alliance. Despite the fact that Bisnare. tried desperately not to provoke Russia openly, he could not totally conceal the fact that this
W
五期星
日九廿月五年〇七九一曆公年九十五國民華中
英中數課程B(一)起試
$#$%$#5%%3#3%8#$%$#$%$%$#3###
僑
#5#%
%#3%
5%$#$%$#$%%$%$#$%#%$#
英中會考歷史科答案
(續)
堅道英文書院撰答
Suggested Answere
of
H.K. Certificate of Education Examination (English)
HISTORY
"The Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895 had very ta reaching consequences. What were these far- reaching consequences?
When the Sino-Japanese War ended in the Treaty of Portsmouth in 1895, Japan made tremendous gaina. She acquired the Liaotung Peninsular including Port Arthur, Taiwan, the Pescadores Islands, and China's recognition of her predominance over Korea. She also received a large indemnity from China. These gains upset the balance of power in the Far East, as hiterte, foreign powers had only acquired porta anc commercial rights, never such large stretches of teeritory. In particular, Japan's acquisition of Porn Arthur came into conflict with Russia's. Far Eastern expansionist policy, for Russia coveted Fort Arthur as a warm water port. Thus in 1897, Russia combined with France and Germany to force Japan to relinguish Port Arthur in return for an additional indemnity Confronted with three great European powers, and as yet uncertain of her real strength, Japan bowed to the inevitable and returned Port Arthur to China. But she did not forgive nor forget Russia for instigating this intervention, and this was the beginning of Russo-Japanese enmity. Anti-Russia feeling in Japan intensified in the following year (1898) when Russia leased Liaotung and Fort Arthur for her own use.
Whole
China's defeat in this war revealed more clearly han ever her weakness. Her total collapse seemed. imminent, and the European powers wanted to be on hand for any advantages that might result. Therefore, from 1898-1899 there was a mad rush among western countries for special concessions in China. areas were marked out as specific spheres of influence" by foreign powers and in these spheres, no other country besides themselves had any privileges, For example, the British sphere of influence covered 10 provinces along the Yangtze Valley, and in this area only, the British had trading, industrial and railway rights. All others were excluded.
The obvious result was that China was almost partitioned by foreign countries. She was saved from such a humiliation only by the timely intervention of the United States, who had not acquired any particular area at all. The Americans, realizing that the partition of China would result in more harm than good, proposed the Open Door Policy by which all .countries concerned agreed to throw open their
spheres of influence to free competition and enterprise, thus increasing the profits of each country in China.
Inside China itself, ber defeat had shown so ner people that her Reform Movement (1860-1894) had failed miserably to strengthen her. A second programme of reforma was announced by the then Ching Emperor. Kwang Hau, which lasted less than a hundred days,
and resulted in his en histion and the
resumption of power byr
the anti-foreig
Tzu Kai. Tzu He's hatred for anything foreign lad finally to China'a mid-summer madness in 1900 when the Boxer Movement awept throughout China. This catastrophe ended only with the invasion of China by eight foreign countries and the imppsition of the most humiliating Boxer Protocol of 1901.
Juy by far, the most
most important consequence of the Sino-Japanese War was the growing hostility between Russia and Japan during these years. Japan realized- that the one obstacle to her expansion in north- eastern China was Russia Japan had gained a foothold in Korea, and aimed to extend her influence to Manchuria in future. But in 1900, Russia had occupied Manchuria, and in spite of repeated demands by the Japanese for her withdrawal, Russia had remained in Manchuria. Russia had also financid the. building of the so-called Chinese Bastern Railway through Manchuria to Port Arthur, which was really branch of the Trans-Siberian Railway. Russian influence was spreading in Manchuria, and Japan, realized that if she was not stopped, she herself would be pushed out of her hard-earned gaina, Thu from 1895 onwards, Japan prepared for war with Russi. and war eventually did break out in 1904. To the surprise of both combatanta, as well as the rest o the world, Japan won the war. The effects of this Lusso-Japanese War were tremendous. In Russia hex.
1918a rough wien in a series 01 strikes which paralysed the whole country, and a demand for constitutional reform within the Czarist government This hastened the revolution in Russia and the end of the Romanor Dynasty.
As for Japan, she emerged as a world power after the war. In future, other countries would have to reckon with her in their dealings in the Far East But above all, Japan's ambition increased, and her. plans for the future conquest of Asia led to her ultimate humiliation in the Second World War,
8.5. How did France, Russia and Britain come to form the Triple Entente between 1894 and 1907. What was the importance of the Triple Alliance?
alliance was directed against France and Russia. But for a while, he managed to maintain, some semblance of friendship with Russia, as witnessed in the Russo- German. Re-Insurance Treaty of 1884. But after Bismarck left office in 1890 the Kaiser William Il saw no necessity in keeping up any pretence of friendship with Russia, and the Re-Insurance Treaty was allowed to lapse. This left. both Russia and. France in the unenviable position of being completely isolated by the three powers of the Triple Alliance It was this danger that persuaded the Republican French to overcome their distaste of the absol government of Czarist Russia, and to join with her in a Dual alliance in 1894, for mutual protection against the Triple Alliance.
Therefore, by
by 1894, there was a division in Europe between Germany, Austria and Italy on one side, and France and Russia on the other.
The only major European Power not involved was England, England had been watching the developmenta on the continent, but so far, she had been content to remain aloof and concentrate instead on the development of her Empire. She boasted often of her splendid isolation" which had left her free bacome the richest and most powerful colonial power in the world. But in extending her influence outside Europe, she had nearby come to blows witṛ France and Russia more than once. As late as 18982 England and France had confronted each other over the sands of Fashoda in the Sudan, and only the timely
ithdrawal of the French had prevented such a war From srupting. This event brought home to the British government that she was indeed isolated, and she had not one single ally in the world. She distrusted Germany because Germany was fast becoming her serious rival in trade, in the navy, and in the empire. Germany also supported, the Boers in South" Africa when they fought against the English at the turn of the century England also distrusted Russia's plans for the Far East, and in 1902, the English went so far as to give their support to Japan in the Anglo-Japanese Alliance. And although by this time, England was no longer so completely alone, yet she realized that Japan was too far away to be of any great help to her in a general European war. There for mindful of France's conciliatory altitude over the Sudan, she approached that country in 1904 for a treaty of friendship and an amicable settlement of
The result their differancea over Egypt and Morocco. was the Entente Cordiale, which was merely an expression of friendship, not a guarantee of mutua cooperation in time of war. Nevertheless, England had deported from her traditional policy of isolation by this Entente.
England's altitude towards Russia also changed towards 1905 for in that year, Russia was defeated in the Russo-Japanese War, It seemed that England no longer had anything to fear from Russia, as after the Congress of Berlin in 1878, Russia's advance towards Constantinopla seemed to be checked, Russia's ambitions in the Par last were also destroyed by Japan'e victory. Therefore England was not averse to coming to terms with Russia when France brought the two powers together in 1907. The result was. the Triple Entente among England, France and Russia This arrangement posed a serious threat to the powers of the Triple Alliance. It alão succeeded in aplitting Europe into two opposing camps, and nastened the outbreak of the Great War.
B.7. Write briefly about the following with
reference to international relations in the period 1919-1939-
a. Locarno Pact 1925
b. The Soonomio De preasion
c. German invasion of Poland 1939
The Locarno Pact: 1925
As early as 1923, the League of Nabitne showed itself unable to cope with the problems of post-war Europe, and the member countries began to seek protection by a series of regional agreements. This wan also encouraged by Germany a desire to seek. reconciliation with her conquerore, especially with France; to secure the evacuation of the Rhineland, and to seek entrance into the League of Nationa. A series of agreements was arrived at Locarno in 1925. Firstly, Germany and France undertook to guarantee: sach other's frontiers as settled at the Peace of Paris, and Great Britain agreed to come to the aid of France should she be attacked by Germany. The second series of agreements concerned the eastern frontier of Germany. In the east Germany shared a common border with Poland and Czechoslovakia, and there were small minorities of Germans living in these two countries. Germany was never content with the frontier arrangements in the east, but for the present, she agreed that she would seek changes only through negotiation. At Locarno, France also undertook bo guarantee the German-Polish and German- Czech borders. These treaties did not really satiefy anyone, but for a while, there was en atmosphere of international goodwill and a period of appeasement. France and Germany were reconciled, the question of German reparations was solved to a degree by the Dawes Flan (1924), the Rhineland was evacuated and Germany admitted into the League of Nations
b. The Economic Depression:
financial
In 1929, the world suffered a terrib crisis, which began with the collapse on Wall Street. Businesses, both big and small in the United States, went bankrupt and there were millions of people who lost their entire life's gavings. This depression soon spread across the Atlantic to Europe, and evan countries which were once economically sound were affected. The country which suffered most was Jermany, for she had been defeated in war and saddled with an enormons indemnity which she was unable
Answer Ali, questions. Marks will be twarded only for answers which are COMPLETELY correct. AÐ. answers must be written on this question paper in the spaces provided, which should be handed in at the end
handed in
of the examination Nu working need be shown; paper will be provided for rough work, but need not be
MARC
denotes the set of REAL NUMBERS,
denotes the set of INTEGERS.
'denotes "if ... then...
denster the measure of the fine segment XY denotes the mexiae of the angle ABC.
SECTION A
(Two marks for each question)
V denotes the number of vertices of a certain convex polyhedron. E denotes its number of edges and F denotes its number of faces, which of the following is the Eaker's Relation?
T: (x, y) + (-x, y) and g(x,y) (y, x) transformations of the plane. If we apply and then g-the composition transformation is denoted by h. Which of the following is h
(x,y).
(69)
(x,y) (-)
(x,y)
Enlargement, Reflection, Rotation, Shearing and Translation are five transformations of the plane. How many of these transformations preserve both size and shape?
A
"Only one
Only two
Only three
D.
Only four
E.
All five
The set of all complex numbers (a
RJ: forms a group with respect to multiplicati
The multiplicative inverse of 1
the above
(未完明日繞)
to pay off. Once before, in 1924, Germany had gone bankrupt, but on this occasion, the allies bad been able to help her by giving her loans to reestablish her businesses. But an 1929, the Allies themselves. were in deep financial trouble, and Germany was left to fend for herself. There was already serious. inflation in Germany, and the depression made thing even worse for the average German. There were 6 million unemployed people in the country. Strikes became frequent, and communism reared its ugly head. This was the opportunity the Nazis had been waiting for, and when they arrived on the scene with promises of work for everybody, they were soon
The coming of Hitler, and the wept into power. subsequent effects of his assuming the dictatorship in Germany, could not have been achieved so quickly if there had not been an economic depression.
The German invasion of Poland:
an
Germany had never quite accepted the territorii settlement regarding her eastern frontiers, by which a small minority of Germans were placed under Polish and Czech rule, In establishing Poland as independent and sovereign state, the powers had carved her out of territory formerly belonging to Germany, Austria and Russia. The German area of Posel with the city of Danzig at its head had been given. to Poland to enable her to reach the sea. In Posen, there were 3 million Germans, and Posen also separated East Prussia from the rest of Germany. Throughout the summer of 1939, Hitler had demanded the return of Posen and Danzig to Germany. But the independence and sovereignty of Poland had been guaranteed by France at Locarno. However, England and France still hoped to avoid an all out war and: these two countries had been negotiating
for a means to stop. Hitler. But Russith Ruse
price for cooperation with England and France was higher than these two countries were prepared to pay. Russia then sold out to the Germans and a Non-Aggression
WHAT OUTWEen these two powers was announced on August 21, 1939. Following this, Britain also gave Poland assurances of help in the event of German attack,
The situation between Germany and Poland Decame more tense towards the last days of August. Then suddenly, Germany announced a 16-point peace plan which involved the return of Posen and Danzig and without even giving time to Poland to reply, Jerman troops invaded Poland at dawn Sept. 1, 1939 England and France demanded the immediate withdrawa ɔf German troops, and when Germany did not reply to the ultimatum, England and France declared war on Sept. 3. 1939. This was the opening of the Second World War.