育僑華頁三第張八第日二十月四年戌庚
MEFERENDE LIBRARY
16 MAY 1970
STY HAL 韩日橋
六期是1日六十月五年〇七九一屆公年九十五國民華中
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10英文中學會考試題預習專欄
堅道英文書院主編
歷史科
(廿八)
HISTORY
Discuss the atma and effecta. of Napoleon III'E diplomac
utline: 1. Introduction: The aims of Napoleon
-IIIa foreign policy were conflicting. 2. The course of his diplomacy
3. Effects of his diplomacy: alienation
in home and hostility abroad.
Napoleon III had a complex of sins in his foreign policy. These aima sometimes were not compatible one with the other. If he had kept to any one of these sims, he might have been more successful
He had a personal grudge against Nicholas 1, who would not recognize him as a respectable Emperor. It was definitely Napoleon's intention to assert the Catholic claim in the Holy Eastern Land. In the Near East he saw an opportunity to oone into an alliance with Britain. Probably regarding a successful war againet Russia as a means of strengthening his throne, he brushed saide his
promise made two years ago that "the Empire means peace", and plunged the French nation into war with Russia. Of course, the victory won at Crimea heightened his prestige, and also he himself. presided over the Peace Conference of Paris in 1856: It seemed to have raised him to the position of an arbiter in Europe and he was inflated with optimian
efore long, he plunged himself into another
adventure; he intervened in Italy. There his aima- were conflicting. Undoubtedly his help to the İnalians was unselfish. It was out of his genuin. sympathy for the Italians oppressed by the Austrian. But he was not entirely unselfish his intervention in the last analysis was for his own nation. Не вам it an opportunity to round off the natural boundary in the Southeast of France -- to obtain Savoy, and Nice for France. Napoleon did not come straight- forward to the help of the Italians, Orsini, who
attempted to take Napoleon's life in 1850, failed in his attempt. The fear of another of such assassina-. tion impelled Napoleon to arrive at the decision that help must be given to the Italians immediately. Be met with Cavour in Plombierea,à asoret alliance was concluded. In short, it secured French help to liberate the North of Italy; the central Duchies ... formed a kingdon; the Italian states united to form a federation under the leadership of the Pope. Wsz came in 1859. France and Sardinia on one side and Austria on the other. After the Austrian had bean driven out of Lombardy, Napoleon III concluded with Austria a trace at Villafranca. The reasons why he stopped his help and not fulfilled his promise were complicated. The Prussians had been nobilized at the Rhine which would threaten French security Napoleon himself had ambition over central Italy. Ea disliked to see the central Duchies: marge with Sardinia. In that case France would have a too powerful neighour. It was over the ventral Duchies that Napoleon and Cavour clashed. Napoleon felt increasing pressure from the clerical party at home, They blamed the King of having given help to the Sardinian Monarchy which was about to encroach upon the Papal States. However, Cavour's hands were strengthened by two changes. The plebiscites held in the Papal states and Garibaldi's expedition to the South Napoleon had to strike another one with Cavour. The Treaty of Turin in 1860 gave Lombardy to Sardinia and Nice.“
The French intervention had its significant effects. At home it pleased no body. He drew opposition from the clerical party because French intervention had caused the Pope's loss of the Padal States. The liberals also suspected Napoleon's intention for his claim on Savoy and Hice. Externall, the net outoome was that Austria was antagonizad
As early as 1848, French expeditional for o been sent to Rome to defend the Pope against the Republican forces. In 1862, it was the French garrisán which repelled Garibaldi's attack. In September, 1864 a Convention was signed by which France agreed to Sardinia-Piedmont's taking over the defence of Rome. But the French troops never actually left Rome. In 1867 at Mentena, again it was the French who defeated Garibaldi's attack to Tecover Home. The French Garrison in Rome was actually not withdrew until 1870 when France was in war with Prussia. This question was fatal to the Italian national cause and prevented a triple allian
amongat Frence, Italy and Austria..
The Mexican adventure led Napoleon into disaster Franos remained alone to deal with the Mexican question after her allies had withdrew. In 1864, Maximilian was made Emperor. of Merion on Napoleon'i support. His aim was to establish a Catholic Empire But he in the Latin Amerion with French assistance.
was deserted by Napoleon, and was shot to death by the natives. Such a desertion made Napoleon disgraced in the eyes of the majority of the Europeans and his prestige suffered tremendously. Morower, this expedition was very costly and led France into the verge of bankruptcy. It had also bampered Franc in two European crises: the Polish Revonlt or 1862. and the question of Schleswig-Holstein. In both then- crises Bismarck was allowed to gain an upper han over the Emperor of France.
France
The
France kept neutrality during the Austro-rrussiaz Wer expecting both Austria and Prussia became exhausted after the war. But unexpectedly, the result came to be a quick victory of Prussia. was desperate in need of recovery of prestige. result of this was the Hohenzollern candidature. In this episode of the Spanish Crown. Napoleon's aim. was to recover the prestige lost; but the Queen had influence upon the Emperor. The queen saw an opportunity to launch a crusade against the protestants. And Napoleon lacked the moral courag to withhold the war party in France. The roault wars that France was left isolated. Isolation of France. was more her own making than the result of Bismarck
Estimate the part played by the Great Fowers in the Italian Unification by 1861
uusianes 1, introuuuT100.
2. The part played by the Great Power":
France, Britain, Prussia, and Russia. Conclusions Italian suocess meant
the victory of western liberalism over eastern despotism..
The Italian unification was not the work solely of Cavour. In a very important sense, it was the
product of the conflict in the interests of the Great
Posers and the part they played o the Italiar Resorgimento.
Without France's assistance, the Sardinians would not be able to drive the Austrians out from Lombardy. The battles of Solferino and Magenta vera thị victories won by the joint Franco-Sardinian forces Without the French military support the Sardinian could hardly be the equal to the Aus tri ans,
Napoleon III's policy in Italy was one of intervention, but his assistance was not unselfish: France demanded Savoy and Nice, France had ambition in the central Duchies too, and would not like to see Piedsont absorb all Italy and thus to rise into a powerful neighbour to the South of France, For Teason Napoleon III entered into the truce with Francis Joseph, the Austriện King, at Villafranca. Thus France did not help Italy to gain Venetia in 1860. Moreover, hie intervention and occupation of Rome placed, an obstacle in the way to the completion of the Italian unification
saan na onspirous of Napoleon III' ambition in Italy. In 1858-59, Palmeraton proposed. for a conference for the reconciliation betwee Austria and Sardinia, The British plan was for Piedmont to gain Lombardy and Venetia and to found a Northern Italian Kingdom only. If it more succ688-ful there would be no unification of all Italy under the Sardinian monarchy
A Italy, Britain was mainly DOUGUIANA WIEN TAG balance of power. The British policy in Italy was one of non-intervention. The order of Palmerston gave to the British naval forces in the Koditerranean was to keep noutral. Its appearance at the Hemgina Strait scared off the Neopolitan fleet and thus Becursa Garibaldi and his Thousands a safe crossing. When the Sardinian army was sarching to the south, it was possible to draw upon Italy a Franco-Austrian intervention on behalf of the Pope. Russell's- aircular rezinding the Powers of their obligation or
on-intervention kept off the possible contendera, France and Austria, and held the ring for Sardinia to strike at the reactionary forass, Thus Sardinia vas enabled to unita north and the south,
a diplomacy a policy of non-intervention might saan intervention. This was true with the British Part. It was unselfish, detached, and disinterested, but more helpful than the French policy of intervention.
The Prussian mobilization along the Rhine in 1859 compelled Napoleon III to come to terms with Austria at Villafranca; but the rivalry between Prussia and Austria for the leadership in Germany became sharpened and produced the effect of preventing a united- front of the German States against the Franco-Italian combination. By the war with Austria în 1866, Prussia rather unintentionally helped Italy to gain back Venetia. The waz of 1870 again forced France to withdraw from Rome and helpea ita return to Italy.
Jince the Grimean War and embittered by the Austrian neutrality in that war, Russia did not hair Austria to face up the Franco-Italian charge. She... even hold back Prussia from giving material assistance to Austria in the latter's dealings with Italy
Basically Italy occupied a central position in the balance between western liberalism and eastern autooracy. The Italian liberation in 1860 was a logical aequal to the defeat of despotio Russia in 1856 and the Austrian neutrality in the Crimean war which was
resented by the liberal Powers of the
Weat
上文中學會考試題預習專欄
物理科
(廿八)
·鄧炳恩•
N. 直流電與歐姆定律填-
題題解
1.全長銀片之電阻高326×105歐姆 県自公式R=音
= 163× 10 8-10
= 326 × 10" (1248)
2. 45 - € 1 765×10-733
e
R=p €
137 = 0.0037 ($3)
=765× 10′′* (5228)
3. 0°C 2 2 2 29 3·54 120g 50°c 2 € 1 3 421 500
3.54 (k
hon x Ro= p2 = 1-77x10′′ ×
104
0.005
。=R2 (Itαt) = 3.54 (Ir
=441(229)
外两相對角間連接於電路之電阻為「歐烟 鳏AB與BC士串联電阻為2个
故C電阻為
R=
27 X 27 27728
5.導線之電阻為北電池内阻5千 解放尺為導線
「お電池ま
b (2)
導線電流為翠安堵8点電位西 80+
(**)
100
96729
的地,故其電位为零故B点三前位
× 9.6 = 80 (1£$5)
7.長度為4米
1.4x0.
R+T:
2X5 70.5X
0.5 x 05 & (*)
8.電流强度為0.73安培電位差為4.38. 伏特
I=
RIT
13. (**)
FR = 0.73×6= 4.38 (149)
V = = - Ir=8-033×5=4.35 (4) 缘
= = = - (**)
=-1-12 = 6(02),
DJ Ez em J # F F C L 3 0.48 £*
1+13=
4 (伏特)
RIY
(**
丫直流電及歐固定律圏答計筆題
下图為一封關電路当電鑰s阴期時電池E 流出之電流為3安 8E12
電池之内阻暑去不討
CM1 R3 2 10. 電镥S開啟時B 及点点間 電位差為若干
R2 = 6 V
池两端.c
a点電位為若干日電
電压茴若干,
3.電池之两拉達以電阻為
電压為」伏特設以電阻為3几之尊線51 几之尊家並联則其两端電压降為0.9伏特 米電池之電動势及内電阻