育教蒲情,奠三章腿六第日三初月四年戌庚屬 WAH KID YAT F
PO
報日僑單
ALFERENCE LISS
6 MAY 1970
ECO英文中學會考試題預習專欄
茶取道英文書院主編
歷史科 (二十七)
HISTORY (27)
in what ways did the system of competing alliances
prove itself to be the chief cause of the First World Har?
Outline 1. Introduction.
2. The ate pa by which the alliances were converted into two armed opposing.
Campa
3. Reasons for the system of competing
alliances rendering a general war in Europe inevitable.
4. Conclusion.
The Great War of 1914 did not spring up over- night as the result of one single rash act; in fact, it took a long time in the making. There were, of course, many underlying causes for the outbreak of the world conflict, such as the German-French antagonism over ålsace-Lorraine, Austro-Ruseiau rivalry in the Balkans, the Anglo-German naval rau and the colonial collisions. But all these factors. operated to bring about the First World War only through the system of competing alliances. Taken alone, none of these factors would single-handedly nause a world war,
By 1907, European Powers were grouped into two
overs were arou camps though not yet two opposing armed campe, Bismarok at first ained at defence not at aggression 1 the same was true of France and Britain. But defensive alliances had the ways of becoming tue offensive ones. This process was completed in a reries of international crisis in the years preceding 1914. Baoh of these crisis brought Europe a step nearer to war.
During the first Moroccan Crisis Germany attempted to detach France from Britain. She used French interests in Morocco as a lever to apply pressure on France. If France could be forced to come into terms Russia would be helpless and would come into line too. Germany's domination in Europe would then be unchallenged, Bat the effect of this high-handed policy of Germany was her own isolation. The Anglo- French military talks began in 1907. The Anglo- French Entente of 1904 was converted into a sort of elliance.
The Bosnian Criaïs or 1700 enasa annexation of Bosnia-Herzegovina. The Aue trian victory was won on the German support. Kennly aware of her own isolation, Russia had to depend more and more on her alliance with France and entente with Britain. The high pressure from Germany converted the empty Triple Entente of 1907 in a reality.
+
The Agadir Crisis of 1911 brought home tc Britain the lesson that unless support was given to France to save her from German pressure, Germany had the chance of accomplishing the dream of domination of the whole of Europe. Britain began to consider sending an expeditionary force to France in case of awar between Germany and France. Following the failure of the Haldane Mission which destroyed any hope left of a halt in the Anglo-German naval race, the Anglo-French naval talks began in 1912. resulting in an agreement for France to patrol the Mediterranean and Britain to protect the French Altantio coast. Thus the Anglo-Pranch Entente or 1904 was turned into a military alliance.
With Anglo-French unaere vunqing Lvaly Beized Tripoli, and this made Germany feel of her isolation more than ever. She was to depend solely on Austria and was later drawn by Austria into war.
The Tripoli Incident touched off the last stage of the collapse of the Turkish Empire. By 1912 the confrontation of the two armed camps was fatally completed. It was certain that there was more danger
in armed in armed groups of Towers than there was individual states.
At the critical moment in 1912, Poincare, Prime Minister of France, made a visit to St. Petersbery. It was understood that France would give support to Russia if Russia in support to her Balkan allies. attacked Austria and in turn she herself was attacked. by Germany. Therefore the Franco-Russian Alliance of 1894 was extended to cover Serbia, Russia's ally in the Balkans. Serbia was much encouraged, and she did emerge triumphantly from the twe Balkan wara conflict between Serbia and Austria became even more acute, out of which aprang the First World War
The
TUS JBFAJeVo incident was not necessarily to cause a world conflict. But the growingly threatening of the Franco-Russia allianou created such a fear in the mind of William II that he thought Germany could not afford to lose her only dependent ally, Austria. The Kaiser gave Austria a free hand to deal with Serbia. Thus it was the deadly confrontation between the two competing alliances that made the.... localization of the war between Austria and Serbis impossible.
The
The curse of the system of competing alliances Was that it made the weakness of one state the weakness of a whole group. It ales encouraged ona auch state to depend on the alliance with ita powerful ally to embark on external adventure. influence of such a state instead of being localized was bound to affect a whole group. In the end, one sing single rash sot of such a state might involve the competing alliances into a general war. This was just the way which the Austrian aggression following Sarajevo brought about the First World War..
Through the operation of the system of competing alliances in the end there was no longer any great Power left to represent the moderate and the neditatory influence to undertake intervention between the two political combatants. Britain had to abandon her splendid isolation and committed herself on the side of Franco-Russian Alliance. Rather than for the
she entered the war sake of Belgium neturality
because of her treaty obligations towards France and also to have the European balance by keeping France. a8 a large Power.
In these ways the system of competing alliances proved itself to be the chief cause of the First World War, so it is' said, "The ambition, the feare, the hatred of the two groups plunged Europe inta darkness.
Japan's Policy towards Korea from the early Keiji to the annexation of Korea in 1910,
Outline? 1. Introduction: The motives behind her
policy.
Japanese efforts in the opening of Korea.
3. Japanese conflict with China 23
Korea.
Japanese conflict with Russia in Korea.
5. Japanese annexation et korea.
6. Conclusions the nature of Japan's
policy.
After the Meiji Restoration of 1867-68, Japan abandoned her traditional seclusion policy and adopted a new foreign policy. Korea was a special concern to the Japanesa statesmen in the desire to control the regione around Japan. There are various motives for such al
Job a policy.
Japan
The most important motive was strategic. since 1868 always regarded Korea as "a dagger pointing at the heart of Japan." in aggressive Western Power in control of Korea would threathen seriously the security of Japan. Thus she wanted to forestall the Western Powers in segurine control of Korea first.
The second reason was economic. Owing to the Barrow market and inadequate raw materials at home, Japan naturally looked upon Korea as a market for her manufactures and source for the raw materiale" needed by her home industries. However we must not overemphaised this point, Japan in the latter part of the 19th century was not too advanced in industra lization to demand foreign markets.
The third motive was imperialietio. Japan'a policy towards control of Korea was taken as the first step of Japan's expansion in Asia. However, wỪ again should not overemphaised this point, for it was mainly the desire of a section of the expansioniste. What was likely was that the Japanese statesman entertained the idea of achieving the status of great power, and thereby freeing herself of the anequal treaties. through the control of an overseas
territhe 1000'8 the western rowers attempted to
force the opening of Korea, Japan wanted to be the first to open and dominate Korea herself. In 1876. Japan therefore forced Korea to sign the Treaty of Kianghua, This treaty opened certain Korean porta- for trade, recognised Korea as an independent state, allowed the Japanese nationale to live in Korea, a
and was thus a challenge to the Chinese suzerainíty over- Kórea. The Chinese brought in western influence into Korea in order to neutralize the Japanese influence.
Conflicte increased as both China and Japan were asserting control over Korea. In 1884 the Japanese officials in Seoul were attacked by pro- Chinese Koreans. A settlement resulted in the Li Ito Convention, 1885, whereby if troops of both China and Japan were to move into Korea cach nation was to inform the other first. Japan thus secured a squal footing in Korea as the Chinese. In 1894 the fonghak disturbances brought in Chinese troops and larga number of Japanese troops. Open Sino-Japanese conflict began when a Chinese troop ship was sunk, By the Treaty of Simonoseki, China's suzerainity was deprived and Korea became independent.
Japan's position in Korea was not safe and escure. Russia began to expand into the East in search of warm-water porta after failure in the west (Congress of Berlin, 1878). Russia initiated the Triple Intervention (Russia, France, and Germany) to object China's cession of the Liaotung Peninsula
to Japan. In 1896 Russia signed a treaty with China and began a rapid penetration into Kanchuria where again Russia threatened Japanese interests in Korea. In 1898 Russia seoured a least of Port Arthur. A Russo-Korean Bank was established and the Korsan army was organized with Russian aid, Russo- Japanese rivalry eventually led to the Russo- Japanese War of 1904-1905. By the Treaty of Porthemouth Russia recognised Japan's spacíab position in Korea..
In 1905 Korea had virtually become a Japanese protectorate, and was so recognised internationally. In 1907 the Korean royal palace was guarded by Japanese police, and Japanese troops and merchanta increased their activities in Korea. The Korean Court, however, was unwilling to give up its power and tried to secure. foreign help. An official deleg ation was sent to the Hague Peace Conference. The mission was to make known "the violation of our (Korea) rights by the Japanese" and to re-establian "direct diplomatic relations". Japan acted prontly. The Korean king was forced to abdicate the throne in favour of his son and a new agreement was concluded whereby the Japanese resident-general became a virtual regent. All matters of internal administra- tion as well as foreign relations were controlled by the resident-general. T. 18889inatio of Ito by a Korean in 1909 served to increase the demand for annexation of Korea. In 1910, Korea was forced to request annexation from the emperor of
Japan.
be
To conclude, Japan's policy towards Korea can be divided into two periods, Before the end of the 19th century Japan's policy, was essentially a problem of strategy and defense. In the beginning of the 20th century, particularly after the Russo- Japanese War, the Korean problem became an integral part of the larger Manchurian problem. Japan's motive was to establish Kores as a base for further expansion into Manchuria.
四期星日七月五年〇七九一展公年九十五國民中
中文中學會
會考試題預習專欄]
物 理
(廿七)
鄧炳恩 ®
V1 A B C = LE MEZ
精則
timo
(100)
V
M電場及電位問答計算題
(a) 2 A
故A点之電位為零 又若在A点上
電荷則肉於+100 電荷
ff * $ Fs, -100 £5 Bloom
由電荷非教聽上狀
310 F. 10
& F. # # +le su
Fe
40 +30
(400X })
40 + 30°
F
140 + 30*
F = F1 x =
(18)
125′′
力為F=6/25 由单位正電荷所更之
a = F/m
=(6/ps)/2
= 3/125 (**/* 我向與F相同,即與BC联家平行向右
(6)解由(2)得知在A
2)解設在A点之電位及電增强度
分别高 E
V1 = 476 ==
9x10x=x10
~30x 10””
1800 (15:19)
40X10
E1 = 9x10" [ (5x 10")
(=
(b), V2 = 9x102 (+0x10
-5uX 107] = 25.
-30х107 6x1072
= 9x102 (
= q VAB
-45x
(焦) 作
(1800-0)
3(0) Mt. 2 19 1 2 3 4 1 3 V, 19
=2
=1000
伏特
(本体
=7.37
[19/50)
1 解原來之電容 c=击是今d改为2d
则莫宽客改为
=2000 (KK #)
MA $ & f == CV = 2x10
5×10 (49) 改变復能量=+va
= 10x10 *(4*)
× 10^^ (#4)
故所需作之功 = (10-5)X 10
N. 直流電與歐姆定律填-
題
一银片長10糙0.5轉,李银電阻係數為
163×10 一種別全長銀光電咀為
名锅之密度為27長1米重1克之鋁绿之電阻
(銘之電阻係數為283×10欧姆一粒)
3.設銅電阻係軟為77X10欧姆粒今有長100米
截面積0.5平方毫米之銅線其温度係歉為a038 则美之电阻 為 及50°C之電阻為
4将均匀導線弯成一連接之正方形每边電阻
·儿则两相对角開連接於電 電阻春
T
5.電池で電動為15伏特設達の導線則有13 安培之電流通过其两端之電位差為9伏特 則此導線之電阻為
6導線 ABC L -
主為100伏特設1
導線之電流粉 電池组
電池内電阻為 其把相連他端C之電位 電阻為9.62 BC拖24儿,則
及B点之電位接
電動 经連
5個電池串联而成 此電池 以長8米電阻為了叫米之尊線則線上 關電位 為1伏特時之長度為
小鳥8伏特,内阻為5几个速以電
電池两端。
PE B 6 2 2 $ #15*&
電位差者
28 6 2 emfø
结之其西端之電位差為4伏特則通过導線 之電流為
電池之内阻為
两電池,其電動势分别為
丸以電
及以伏特内阻者 為千几之電流計與 向相同則其電流為.