頁二第張六第日十二月二年戌庚曆夏 WAH KIU YAT PO
報日僑華
五期星 日七廿月三年〇七九一公年九十五國民華中 育僑華
1970英文中學會考試題預習專欄
堅道英文書院主編
歷史科
HISTORY (91)
Trace the main causes of Lad Bolshevik Revolution of
October, 1917, and account for its success.
Outlines (1) Introduction – the Revolution was the result of a long line of revolutions, (2) Causes1 1) the Emancipation of 1861
ii) the affect of the peculiar
development of Russia
industry after 1890
iii) belated political reforms
and its consequenceGS
(3) Reasons for success.
i) war weariness & dazira for
stability
ii) the impotence of the Provisional
government
iii) the plan of socialist revolution
Conclusion.
The Bolshevik Revolution of October, 1917, dia not come like a thunder-clap out of a clear sky. It had been preceded eight months earlier by the
February revolution which overthrew the Czar and set up a liberal republican government. The February revolution was not only the product of two and a naif years of frustration and disorganisation in the First World War; it was also an echo of the short-lived revolution of 1905. The 1905 revolution had, in turn, behind it a long trail of abortive revolutionary movements, beginning with the December revolution of j 1825.
How However, the starting point for the 1917 Revolution was, though rather arbitrary, the emancipation of the merfe by Czar Alexander II in 1861. The emancipation of the serfe was an attempt to break up the feudal structure of Russian society and to introduos into the primitive peasant economy the beginnings of industrial development. This was a
revolution from abrove. The impulse cane from withi
the ruling elasa. Ito motive was to remedy the inefficiency and backwardness of Russia, and to bring the Russian administrative, military and economic machine up to date. But this, unfortunately, stirred up a revolution from below. By breaking the legal fetters which bound the peasant to the land, the emancipation created a large portion of industrial proletariat, and a "free" labour market which gradually became dangerous to the government when in the 1890's came the flow of French capital investment for the purpose of building up Russia's industrial and military strength. The emancipation and its consequenoow, direct and indirect, determined the course and character of the revolution of 1917.
Russia e industrilisation followed ̋an extraordinary and peculiar growth. First of all, Jarge goals Russian industry almost from the moment of its birth was planned to the production of war potentials including railway construction, ratper than to the unada at a consumer markat. It desandad
-primarily on government orders, not on spontaneous. market demand, Secondly, the abrupt arrival of industrialisation in Russia meant it skipped over? many of the earlier stagen through which the much #lower growth of industrialisation had passed in Western Europe – the gradual change from the single- handed oraftsman to the small workshop, and from the first primitive factory to the giant factories. employing hundrade and thousands of workers. As a result, Russian industry, the youngest in Europe an in other raspects the most backward, was the most. advanced in respect of the concentration of neoduatio in large-scale units.
This peculiar development produced a social structure sharply different from that of the older | industrial countries of Western Europe. Yet the majority of the Russians were not prepared for such an advanced state of industrial society. This had destroyed, the traditional structure of society and, created an ether. The peasant coulɛ not make a revolution for himself. But he could, as the consequence showed, easily be harnessed to a revolution made by others -- the Zussian proletariat, though weak and backward as it was, provided a far more fertile soil than the advanced proletariats of the West for the proletarian revolution.
Politieal reform was belated in Russia. When it cane, it was an attempt to bring an obsolete system" of government up to date by borrowing and adapting Western liberal and democratio institutions.
Political reforms grew out not from the strength of their own native roots, but under foreign impulsas from the West. They were accepted, reluctantly and with suspicion, by the rulers of Russia, This cant doubt on the ruling class of Hussia, which thus produced as a result corruption and inefficiency. Moreover, discontent graw up in the hearts of the Russians especially the revolutionaries, who therefore tried to supplant a more genuinely democratic form. of government for the unstable Czarist government.
From February to October, 1917, Russia lived under the so-called "dual power" an uneasy and grudging compromise between the Provisional Gernment and the regime of the Soviets, for these had sprung' up all over Russia. Such a state produced a acene of chaos and anarchy. The Russian people, already war wdary due to the hardship of the First world war, felt strongly for a stable and efficient government. The Bolshevika advocated the and of the war and thum drew much support from the people.
The ixtérmediate Provisional Government, was unable to selve many problems suck as food shortage and the question of land. Such impotence discredited: it in the eyes of the Russians. The Bolshevik programse of ending landlordism was widely supported, by the peasants, the Henalavika and the Social Revolutionaries.
What was more important, the Bolsheviks advocater 'a socialist revolution throughout Europe. This led the people to believe that, when the revolution was complete, Russia would live at pass with her friendly socialist neighbours. So they followed the Bolsheviks,
The Bolshevik Revolution had a long tradition an Russian history. Ita success was the result of aga- old discontent of the peasants and the desire to have. an efficient government.
dhy 119 vegan enter the First World War and what were har gains from it?
Outlines
(1) Introduction - Japan's decision to enter the
war was not rash
(2) Reatōng for her decisions
1) her confidence of winning the war,
ii) the change of cabinet,
ii) increasing population,
iv) ohance to take over Germany'a" interesta
in China.
(3) The 21 Demande served as the basis of Japan's
post-war aggressions.
(4) Her gains: i) material,
di) prestige,
iii) economic expansion.
(5) Conclusion.
Japan's decision to enter the virst World War Wam not a rash one. Both her economy and army ware strong and officient. She wanted a war in which she
·was sure to be a victor thus enabling her a free band in the Pacific as well as in China.
By 1914, Japan had outstripped other Asian countries in her industrial development. Politically, her status was enhanced by the Anglo-Japanese alliance of 1902, Her confidènos vas strong since pne had won two wars, one against China in 1895, and one against Russia in 1905, Her army was well-developed, since the emphasis on military strength dated back to the Meiji Restoration. Furthermore, experience had. shown that war was profitable for Japan and helped her rise to power. Traditional expansionist ideas closely allied with war as an instrument only needed- an opportunity to assert themselves. Such an opportunity presented itself with the outbreak or war in Europe.
The decision to enter war was made possible by tre change of cabinet in Japan, Yamamoto Azitomo, who did not want to arouse the enmity of the western powers or China, and who counselled caution in foreign affaire, was replaced. Kato Konei, as new foreign minister, saw the chance to exploit the preoccupation of the western powers in the European War for gaine in China. There was no need for Japan to participate in the fighting. In fact, har ally, Great Britain,
preferred Japan not to enter war. However, her ever- increasing population urged the Japanese government to find outlets, which could only be obtained through solonisation. Only war could offer suon a chance.
Japan was envious or German interests in China; she also feared the expanding German fleet in the Pacific. Once Germany won the war, she had no hope to dominating this area. She wanted to take over German interests in China and to eliminate her frumn the Pacific scene, therefore she declared war on Germany in August 1914 and seized German bases in Shangtung as well as German held north Pacific islands in three months,
Japan's policy in China during the War was based on military power as well as diplomatic coercion, the combined effect of these two methods was to secure the aim of expansion of Japanese power in China. On the pretest of cancellation of the war zona by China, Japan delivered the 21 Demando in... 1915 which had been drawn up in advance, These demands were rapacious, ranging from concessions in apecific areas Buch as Manchuria and Fukien, cession of Shantung,
ag, and demands affecting the whole of China such as the use of Japanese advisera, purchase of munitions from the Japanese and a joint Sino- Japanese police force. China did not give in to alı the demande aid #igned notem giving privileges i
South Manchuria, railway rigats a fukten, anu
Shantung as Japanese sphere of interest. These notes became the basis of Japanees clain after the war, when it was time to confirm her gains in treaties,
Her gains from the war consisted of the cession or German islands, in which she was in de facto possession. Her gains from China involved.
complications, since China strenuously opposed giving Shantung to Japan and refused to sign the Treaty of Versailles Later, the issue was settled at Washington Conference, by treaty, and Japan gained economic concessions in Shantung whilet Chiha
retained her sovereignity over it. Her position in. China was strengthened and she had a further basie consolidate her position in South Manchuria by the notes of 1915;
Besides material gains, Japan won through the war prestige. She joined the Feace Conference as a victor power and was admitted to the League of Nations Council. Despite the small part she played in the war, she used her advantages well and obtained British recognition of her expansion activities in China by promise of naval support. Her diplomacy with United States was successful, since the latter failed to limit her "special position" by Lansing-Ishii Agreement of 1917. She had successfully flouten une) Open Door doctrine and got away with it, an
Through her participation in the war, Japan received stimulus to industrial growth and took advantage of economic opportunities to develop her marine and new markate in the East hiterte dominated
powers.
by
All in all, Japan had gained considerably economic, territorial and diplomatic aspectâ by participation in the war.
•育教僑華
中學會考試題預習專欄
物理科 (廿一)
鄧炳恩 ®
丁光度學與光之反射問答計算題解
IM (@RL, LON, A REL Z # LFX,
A è è RADERA ANAL 2
& E1 = (2000)/(20)2= 5
A
不阅於山之照度為
2009
20+ 100€ X Como
2000
20+100*2674 160*
=0.038
(-5))
-100
Ea E =5+0-038=5.038 (2·45)
(6) $
点联綠中点三鉛直下方当B则
B点之照度SER
0.5/2
知田CF
SABE 17
Via
ting =
2000
50+ 20°
2000
#DADC1} ten & = D
3001
CD = ADtm &=3
=300x = 300/12 由對你得知桂樹高為
(1)
CF=2CD +24B = 2× 300 +2× =50.17 (4)
3.解設u崮B草和A卓之距蘸v為B 单忻成
之像距了为凸球面鏡之焦距則
+++=+240 + + = f * # 庁
=-7-31 (3)
像齒直立虚像在锐後距鏡罸味
Il G B. PAZO £ $ & = 5 1] 8 ↑ 0 7
22 10 84 × 1 =1
..l'=ext = 84×24 x 240 =231 (47) 4-2015 5 x pp 60 og
則B車高5呎即
~ k = hx = = 60 x 240-x-10=137 (17) 敬8卓像之大小为27寸×1號(吋).
4斛如图价示
設y
為像高
B) n = ye/y
40/0.5 = 80 (15))
400/80 = 5 (**)
主
=11 (32)
K光之折射及光學儀器填-
題
1彀光在空氣中之速度為3×100米/秒若水之折
谢率為1.33,則光在水中之建度為
不設水之 折射率为1.33,二硫化碳之折射率為
,則= 硫化碳對於水之折射率為 1.62,1 3一平凸透鏡之折射率為154,凸面 曲率半
径为30厘米則其焦距為
一凹凸透鏡之折射率為162,其四面及凸面 曲穿半径分别為40 30厘米則其焦距為
古物体高5厘米,置於距凸透饶10厘米之軸上
凸透鏡之焦距为15厘米则其生成三像離逐 鏡 亞米又像高為
一凹透鏡之焦距为10厘米设一物体置於其 ) | X LENREEN. 距透镜 厘米 近視老之最大明視距離為千支 吋,则酒配 戴
透鏡眼鏡焦距為
8.-透视番之最小明視距離为8吠,若欲明晰 觀看 18吋處之書本則須配用 透鏡眼鏡
焦距酱
g放大鏡え焦距為5厘本則放大洋之精確伍
為借其近似
10.設顒微镜物镜
三焦距各为15
1 為15倍物镜和目鏡 一至米筒長30厘米则顯微
倍,其近似值為
̇鏡放大率之精確值為