can be prevented in future.
11970
育教僑華 買三第張六第日六十月二年戌庚夏
WAH KIL YAT PO
北日本式
·期星
日三廿月三年〇七九一圈公年九十五國民中
CITY HALL
《接第六張第二頁)
文中學會考試題預習專欄
地理科
(二十)
·潘桂成
堅道英文書院主編
1.跳扭住、原料、製成品與世界貿易之關嫔
商業爲自古皆有之經濟行為,不過,在古代由於人類生活簡單,互相交往较少,除們單之物物 |交易外,商業行為並不明顯,但要人口數字惛加之後,互相依賴的情形亦適面增加業庭圍便日 擴大,如地中海之古城威尼斯 VENICE 7中國之嫌,市等地,都是代表商業行爲存在之風要性, 。又如阿拉伯人之沿海航行到乘方來,和循『絲茶 SILK ROAD 由新優經新要把中國產品种 文化帶到地中海去,就是营名之商業路詢。自十八世紀之後,歐洲工鏌革命發生,世界史進入海洋 【時代,民業行爲乃推展成世界化之國際貿易............
絃其世界貿易之商品種類,可大別為三大類,卽粗此,原料和製成品、關述如下:
C
由於
人口之分布極不均勻,衡甜食之供應量和需求量乃生不能協調的情形,例 如加拿大做有二千人口但却出蓥世界百分之十的小麥,但相反的英國有五千五百建 人口而做佔世界小碳油產量的百分之一强。所以形成租实在世界貿易上之垠要性。 小麥是世界貿易中最主要之糧食類商品,由於救起季節不同,美國和加拿大是主要之 夏季小安橋出國,全部幾乎都是供鹽西蘭如英、法、西德、意大利、荷蘭和比利時作 人口稠漒圖能不足的國家,而亚洲的日本也是一大小麥主顧。同時蘇聯也有部份剩 餘之小麥供應東廠之附庸國。而在多手(南半球之夏季),中球之阿根庭、澳洲
·南非等成爲小啻之禁出國,但購買者仍是西歌和日本
1、稻米的世界贸易列並不重要,因爲稻米之主要出國如中國、印度、巴站斯燈新日本 碟,本身也就是人口稠密的府天稻米消費照,不但沒有剩除可機報站,找 媒入
C、其他都全村玉米、大榮、高梁等•以及牛、羊、猪等各爐肉類,亦說陪不了由人口密 照小的新興國如美國、加拿大、阿根廷、澳洲、紐西蘭部,端住人口密度大而耕地面
·微小的西歐和足了。
世界上工業發展較佳之國家,除了美國、中國和蘇频之開较大,資源如和和數量較 ̇麼做外,其他都是都湾空间狭小之國家,原料不足自洽,甚至完全缺乏,以致無法
合工業之發展,形成工藤原料也成爲世界贸易之另一類爾要商品。
A,新織原料大都出於非訪工築區,如美國之棉花帶在南部而重要之棉紡織工萊區
·在東北角之新英格南區,而印度鏓千高原西側和埃及尼楓河之棉花,大部份供應西染 各工業國所需,而澳洲、紐西蘭、阿根庭的羊毛也分別送往西歌、張國和日本。
·邃無一切工業發展之展族本碳雨,故雖然非常樂類,但在世界市場上亦活躍。
·美國爲世界最大之業消費國,但也是最大之橋出國,主要是供應加拿大和日本,為 我徑往西歌和巴西。其次的英國煤质,因蝨和印度之煤礦等,都是世界市場之供應者 ,然而南非、北歐、法國、渝大利和日本容乃是主要的煤輸入國。識的貿易情况大? 相反,美國必带人加华无和和委内现拉之筏硬,而法國之國華往西際,燕典之誠行, 英國,而日本仍然是澳洲,馬來西亞和脾等鐵砂之主要政潽。
·石油貿易使中東成為世界癮目的地區,中東各國的石油產量比不上爽多,但由於 自己之消炎太少,故成為飛天之輸出地,同時歐洲各國完全沒有石油出亚。日本、巴 西、阿根庭、澳洲、南非等也缺乏石酒,故在競相控制之下,經知識國孌壁色之間, T
、樹膠需熱帶產品,但消費最大之各國都在溫帶,以馬來西亞·星加坡、印尼等地之
機膠,在世界密易上之地位間因而大錢。 (三)做成品
奥成品是指包括長露加工之各種工業型品而言,這些商品的贸易路後與原料的贸易路 銭多呈現反出現,因大部份的製成品都由工柴國推銷至原耕象出現成品之種類以 -布疋、成本、餓2、機械、化學品、汽車、船媒等等爲主唱
新而言之,經濟活助態發落 貿易活動也靈業盛,因孤立之自給經濟時代已經過去。綜合以上 貿易情况,可分世界貿易最盛之級案為三類:(一)
[糧食類:
原料類
口製成品
世界各国对外贸易统计
第一感雅定,原料和製成品都有剩餘糧出之大經濟空開國,如美國和加拿大匙。
第二是橡入糧食和原料,而桃出工型成品的小空間工業國,如英國、法國、西港、荷蘭、 「利時、日本等送。
第三是用全或原料以換取工業製成品的國家,如澳洲、紐西蘭、阿根終是
除的亞洲、非洲及南美洲各國在世界貿易上並未佔有重要地位也。
2.試比較北大西洋商業航路與北大西岸商業航路之差異。
:由於商上海垢所需要之運費選比兒上運輸和空中逃魚爲保宜,所以现在世界贸易量最大之路技 |亦等於世界最敢硬之海上航路。其中尤以北大西洋商業航路爲最著,原因如下:(鬧二
10英文中學會考試題預習專欄
經濟及公共事務科 (二十)
(1) to inspect factories and see if they are complying
with existing labour laws;
(2) to bring legal action against those who violate
the various labour ordinances;
(3) to conduct management courses for supervisors
samantengaged in local industry;
(4) to promote sound trade unionism
(5) to settle labour disputess
(6) to provide training for trade union leaders;
(7) to administer the Workmen's Compensation
V Ordinance, 1953,
(8) to arrange workers ror overseas employment; and
(9) to provide job-seekers with information on
employment in local industry,
In order to achieve Maximum BTrzciency the department is divided into eight separate sections, six of which are under Labour Officers, one under an Executive Officer and another one under a Medical and Health Officer (seconded from the Medical and Eealth Department). The Commissioner of Labour is directly assisted by a Deputy Commissioner of Labour who heads a large staff comprising an Administrative Officer, a number of Executive Officers and Labour Officers..
interpreters, Junior staff includes stenographera, translators and clerical assistante.
Administration Section ...
Planning the day-to-day work of the Labour
Department as a whola is the chief responsibility or
the Administration Seotion. It also deals with mattera affecting personnel, financa and the recruitment of new staff.
Supervisory Training Section
Factory supervisors must be trained in the prevention of occupational accidants; they in turn can teach their workers on how to maintain safety within the confines of their factories in order to reduce industrial mishaps.⠀
The Supervisory Training Section plans and organizes training programmes for these supervisors. The courses usually include use and maintenance of machines and preventive measures that can be adopted to minimise the risk factor.
Officers farm this section visit factoriss regularly to give advice and guidance to workers principally on the prevention of Industrial accidents. Industrial Undertakings Section
UIFICOYS. ITom this section are onierly concerned with. the study of plans of proposed factory buildinga with a view to advising the Building Authority: whether such plans should be amended or not. and whether they should be approved.
Before new equipment is installed in a raotory. the Industrial Undertakings Section is consulted in order to maintain certain standards of safety, as required by the Factories and Industrial Undertakings Ordinance, 1955
Inspectors from this section pay regular visits to factories to ensure that this ordinance is strictly complied with by factory supervisors and, proprietors eo that all places of work are abeblately aafe for averyones
A-Factory Inspector is always called to the scene of any industrial accident so that after
holding a careful investigation he can determine tha causes of the accident, In this way, similar accidenta
Trade Unions Section.
The work of this section is focussed on advising and guiding local trade unions. Courses on trade union education are conducted from time to time sо that trade union leaders are taught how to run their uniona with efficiency and within. the Jaya of Hong: Kong"
Women and Young Fersona Section
Labour Officers from this section administer the Factories and Industrial Undertakings Ordinance, a law which protects women and young people employed in local industry.
One of the most important jobs of this section le to see that no one under the age of 14 is employed in industrial undertakings, and children between the age of 14 and 16 are not asked to work for more than B hours daily, nor are they allowed to work overtime, end that they muet be given one houý of rent for every 6 hours of continuous work. Women, on the other hand, are not allowed to work for more than 10 hours a day.
The Women and Young Parsons Section algo maintains an Employment Information Service which informs job-seekers about existing vacancies in local industry.
Industrial Health Section
The work of this section is chiefly directed towards the maintenance and promotion of industrial health in Hong Kong, by introducing preventive measures against occupational diseases,
Regular inspections of factories are conducted by health visitors who ensure that places of work are. always kept hygienically clean and tidyw
industrial workers such as lead or quarry workers are given medical teste periodically to detect for radio active substances. An industrial hygiene laboratory has also been established to snable Health Visitors to conduct experimente, to improve industrial hygiene.
ural hygiene
- This section also investigates workers suffering From occupational diseases, in order to make subsequent recommendations in respect of compensations. It also conducts first aid courses for factory workers. The St. John Ambulanos Asedciation hasta part to play in this, to
too
This section also helps families of injured factory workers, with the co-operation of the Social Welfare Department
Industrial Relatione Section
Officers from this section recommends and shows ways of improving labour-management relations to both the workers and the management. They explain, for instance, how joint consultation can solve labour disputes. There are times, when Officers from this Beotion have to act as intercessors to help the workers and the mangement solve their dispute, Workmen's Compensation and Overseas Employment Section
This section administers the Workmen's Compensation Ordinance, which prescribes the amount of compensation an industrial worker is entitled to receive in the event of his being injured or fallen seriously sick while at work,
Officers from this section, therefore, have to investigate cases of workers suffering from occupational diseases or injuries in order to determine the amount of compensation their employer Chave to pay. Their recommendations (and findings) Care forwarded to the District Court if death oocure
worker, in which case the final
to the Ath the court.
decision
This section also gives approval to mannal workers who desire to go abroad to work. The terme of contract for these workere are carefully studied by Officers of this section to ensure that their rightë are not exploited. Officers from this section also assist the Immigration Department in the processing of emigrant workers.
Exercise No. 20
(1) Give an addount of the work of the Rong Kong
Society for Rehabilitation.
(2). Write a short essay on the Holy Carpenter Church.
HAWAIIAN ISLANDS 之首府,立太平洋中部 英維碼
没有太平洋海之中简位置:常必到之地。(出
A,北太平洋的溪流路之東側,北美洲西岸
COASTAL RANGES E 之海岸山E 落雙山E RHCKY MOUNTAINS、帶利需尼確符和清杉磯平原的人口不 海貿易之發喽!
四、永仅SS HONOLULU
世界貿易路線
·北大西洋商業航路是指由北美洲之東北岸與西歐間之航路二者都是人口與密區,各種商 品之消費量都大。
•在北大西洋航路東端之四歐各是近代工業之發源地,需要输入大原料和檀食。而四端,
∴之美洲東岸和爲糧食和原料背基生過剩之症。
C、北大西洋旌岸旺雄不大
D、國歌和北英東岸的海上航行投靠较佳,海岸曲折,亦宜港口之建置。
E、北美居多來自西歐,有殖民地與宗主國之歷史因素,故關係比較密切。
但反觀國絲麼之北太平洋區,海上或乘航路的貿易乃速比北大西洋篇微,也有其艺术之理 因素使然歐述如下:(周三)
香港→ 倫敦
地中海航路
B.北太平洋西岸的日本是重要之小卻用工業線。箔要進口大和食和原料及出口到成商品。
但其主要输出戀入之對象都不是在太平岸的東岸。
C•中國的地大物博人多條件,本则供求量供大,但却少有國際貿易之活艇。
D·北太平洋两岸之距離送比大西洋您後,航運上也比較不方便。
13.檢益說明由香港至倫敦之游運路綫,及由香港經北美洲亞倫敦之海運路錢,並各標出十大都市。
;由香港系倫敦之海運路線,爲能通太平洋、印度洋和大西洋三大海洋咒之航路,故笃重。
二次大戰以前,全场皆在英國控制之下,故有大英帝國生命機 LIVING LINE OF BRITISH EMPIRE之。近年出現許多獨立之政治體,但仍不失其世界海洋交通之爾安生。沿病昕體十大 都市分述如下:
·西R SAIGON 含越南首都,位湄公河口,是中南半您上重要之港市,也是湄公河三角洲 三上之中心,附近之堤岸 CHOLON乃常名之钢入城。
.星加坡SINGAPORE 是位居馬來半島南端之島嶼,因其地部位做優詔,成爲太平洋和印 民淨之交通要的,故乃發展成馬來平啟和印尼各届的保物类散之陈口間,現更成為獨次國
是華人在海外之一個政治單位。
三、加爾各答 CALCUTTA 位於恆活三角训上,是一個古老之港市*耀河平原上之物質的供
求,皆以此為吞此口,成爲印第一大城,藤工業周共轉役。
·可脂游 COLOMBO 是衊蘭首都,因其位於整個印陡洋之中央位置,故成為印洋上海滨
E·添實BOMBAY 在印配半岛之西岸,盡千高原西側之棉花主要由此輸出,同時此地也是棕
織工熊中心、
大ETADEN 位於阿拉伯半島西南端,與對岸之非形成一蛺带之海道,控制紅海之人口,
是一軍略點,你是一轉写港和加油站,琪已现均成常也門
七、架得 ·PORT SAID 位蘇秀士邀河 SUEZ CANAD 北端,故具有一優越的通過位置,
·乃發展成重要之軸口沿,戰後之蘇雰士淝河被埃及人接管,使阿拉伯聯合共和國的海運垯 ,位就將,近年中東戰爭,彈游迅捷運被沉船所然,不但總得魅之發展大受打擊,甜者
·國商船必須行南非望角,多走于湮時間和運費都花粘腻,影夠旗大墩
A. 馬耳他 MALTA 是地中面中部的一小為,現已成立,因其地理位置居中將地中海
很威東西西部,乃成為地中海海淘之連絡齡。
美河批路。
五、三解市 SAN FRANCISCO 是美國西岸之重要開口,塞入眾多,加州地中海式產品之
六·洛杉磯LOS ANGELES是亲购西岸最大港口,是石油、電影等產品之输出地,都人亦多 七·巴黎 PANAMA爲選台巴拿駕能唊PANAMA ISTHMUS 之巴拿馬運河不能函航,則 必須梯道南美州附端之會恩角CAPE HORN > 路程也多了千里,故巴拿馬運河之重要 性與蘇葬士淇河相若。
A.紐約NEW YORK R实美國東北部混大城市和海歌,故可是大西岸西岸的海運中心,因其
̇裝地胶大,人口多,工業發筮,也是單夾之商業中心也 九、混约翰 ST. JONES是往芬蘭之首府,瑞一重要源,前魚加工深也發達。
4.何停口港
凡一港口之機能FUNCTION 做是供應各外國貨之暫時停留而後即轉往其他地區者開轟口 ENTREPOT »
九,直布羅陀GIBRALTAR 爲四班牙南端的一個陸連島,扼地中海西部入口之要衝,是著名 簿,以供指堄之停泊和贷品之些時储藏之用
之軍裏城市,現在是西班牙人收復失地的對象
干,逾敦LONDON是此航器的目的地
由香港經美洲亞倫敦之海運路錢,必須服越太平洋和大西洋,洋面書閣 按少克陸地,故不像 湿地中海之沿海航行般便利,而且路精忘選,故不比前者重要。沿十大都市分述如下:
一、然饈為合西北部之海浩*也是合北市之外港。
二、大阪OSAKA-為日本亵戶內海北端之海口“也是重要工疟城和國第二大城 三、東凱TOKYO是日本首都,也是世界人口最多之都市,市場強大。
二轉口港之成品主要是位居性魅之交通位做,擁有一廣大之腹地,同時也有優良之貨倉及媽風
電費名之轉口港有香港、風加坡·蘇興運河的塞得港罩
目
1.您正洲之地膠
2.武沁照洲之平原及海岸路之分布特滿對共歷史發展之影
3.氣候之因素及氣候區之劃分。
4.試以地形和氣候條件,解穉人口分布之特微
5.背逃源洲之地理區域