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1770英文中學會考試題預習專欄
望道英文書院主編
歷史科
(十八)
---___ HISTORY (18)
What were the problems faced by Bismarck after 1870? How did he heal with them?
Outline
(1) Introduction Problasss
Internal (1) Catholic church
(1) Socialiom
(iii) Imperisliom
external(iv) the egbittered France
(2) His Eethods of dealing with them separately
Conelusion
After the unification of Germany in 1870, Biomarok endeavoured to preserve and consolidate the Empire by the sans method as he had used for its achievement - the method of "blood and iron", Inevitably the centralising and autocratic policy of the Iron Chanosilor brought him inte conflict with the two great international forces of the day - the Roman Catholic church and socialism. Beside these tvoj Bismarck also had to cope with the growing spirit of German imperialism, Externally, the enbittered France after 1870 posed another big problem for him to deal witho
The conflict with the church followed almost immediately on the achievement of unity. In 1870, the Vatican council proclaimed the doctrine of Papel „Infallibility which meant that the Pepe, when
pronouncing upon matters of religions teaching,- sannot be wrong. This doctrins was required to be ́accepted by all Roman Catholios in the world. However,
sone intellectual catholics. in Germany formed Zuthemselves into the "Old Catholion" and opposed. They
wore severely disciplined by the church, excommuniontqd and deprived of their posts. Thủn they appealed to the state for help. This was a ohanes for Bissarok, ža long realised the immense power of the catholic aburch to be hostile to Geraan ascendancy. So be" decreed a series of laws known as the "Hay Latest 70 - from 1873 to 1875. By these lawn, members of religions orders vera forbidden te tësch; Jesuite vare expelleds civil marriage was establishedy schools vara brought under state control; the appointment of the clergy was also brought under State control.
These led to reactions which manifested itself in the Kulturkampf (struggle for civilization) and formation of a Catholio Centre Party in the Reichatagi The intensity of opposition was not what Bismarak.. had perosivad. Gradually Bismarok began to realize the necessity for concession. The Chancellor needed the support of the Centre party against the growing menaos of Socialism. At the death of Pius IX in 1878 a compromise was arranged between Bismarck and tho new Fope. The Xay Lawn were quietly dropped.
Bismarck now turned to face the second, and pazhapa moze dangerous, force. Owing to tha influence of Karl Marz, soolalien had been growing steadily in Germany in the 60's and 70's. In 1875 the Social Democratio party was formed by the union of two German worksza! parties and in 1877 the party gained alarming number of voten in the Roickatag slection. The socialist principles shallanged the sxisting order in Germany and they more opposed to the nonarskioni and militaristic basis of the Stato. The attempted assassination of the Emperor in 1878- gays Bisnazok an exouse for uevare repression. Despite suppression, Socialism still spread, Host became underground work.
Seeing this, Bismarck modified his efforts so orush socialism by giving people a dose of Socialisa from aboya state insurance was established against #iokdose, neoidents and old age in the 80's. Davertheless, the policy of state socialism proved ta de as Tutile as repression. What the Social Doscor, fa demanded, was a sociálion based on democracy, and not granted by an autocratio monarch, Hanoo, Socialism. became an inoreasingly powerful factor in German politics till the outbreak of the First World War.
Partly as a result of a protective tariff system in 1879, partly owing to the growing. German -con), and iren industry, the Empire underwent »
colonnal conmercial and industrial expansion, ram : world fever of imperialism had greatly stimulated Many in Germany. They demanded the moquiaition of telonial Enjira for development of trade, industry. and for selving population problem. This was what Bismarck had liked to restrain besausa he was afraid of offending Britain as it night draw Britain olonar to Francs when Biumarok desperately tried to isolate, But later, Dianerok had to yield to people's demand and to please the middle olans, his supporters,
Germany entered the arena as a competitor in the great struggle for onlnnial possessions, and for world power in 1884-
Externally, Bisnarok vas faced with the threat of a war of revengo by the enbittered Trance after tha France-Prussian war in 1870. Therefore, Bismarða, sat out to isolats France by encouraging the latter in colonial adventuron which would bring her into conflict with England and Italy; on the other hand, he also tried to secure allied Powers for Germany. The first step was to form the Dreikaiserbund among the three emperors of Russie, Austria and Germany, It "wan Bigned in 1872 but in 1875 it racoived a sovere
blow when Russia and Austria conglisted and in 1878. it was completely disrupted by their 111-feeling at the Congress of Bozlin. Seeing his two allies drifting
報日僑華
五期星 日六月三年〇七九一番公年九十五國民華中育文偌
aport, Biomarok chose the more subservient and loyal. Aumtrin and concluded the 1879 Austro-German allianom The Dual Alliance remained until 1914. On the other band, Bismarok did not want to lose Russien
friendship completely. Thus he secured a renewal or the Langue in 1881.
feantime, is anticipated by Bismarck, France
and Italy same into conflict when the former
annexed Tunisia, which Italy had long desired. Irritated by French clerical support of the Papacy and enraged by the annexetion, Italy plunged herself into the welcoming arms of Germany and signed the Triple Alliance with Germany and Austria in 1882. Bismarcked had achieved his object. He was gueranteed against Russia by Austria, and against France by Italy, and yet Russia was bound to Germany by the League. He attempted to retain the complicated arrangement but failed when Kajeer William II oame to abandon the polioy of keeping Russia on her aide. Russia, therefore, was compelled to sack French friendship. It completely disrupted Bismarck's diplcantie master-piecE,
On the whole, Bismarck mot many problems ana vas not very successful in dealing with them. In ench case, he had to give sonosssion which was total different to his former policien of "Iron and Bicoa". He had to give way to Catholics and socialista by ráj forms. In solonization, he was cautions not to provoks Tagland but since ha fisd to gain his suppors from middle classes, he had to plonge on. Externally soperation and isolation of Franse brought about formation af armed cemps, and arnasant race which uroved fatal to the whole world,
Compare" and contrast the "openias" of China and Зарад
Outline t-
(1) Introduction – edeption of "cooluzive Policy"
in both countries...
Reasons for opening
Patterns of opening.
Effects of opening
Gomolsaion — contrasts and similarities.
The doors of China and Japan vera forced open. by the westerners in the 4th and 5th decades of the 19th centuy, respectively. By this forced "opening" it meant that the doors kara "olasad, prior to tha event. It was true that "peclusion" traditions had persisted in both countries for centuries. China, was closed as the regarded herself culturally superior. Japan was closed because the "okugawa Shogunate wanted to maintäin control over the Dairyos and ensure internal pesco. Hevertheless, in both
countries, thero vera finited commercial intercourts with tho Datoh as Dashina in Japan and with the British at Canton in Ching,
: China was forced open by Britain, whose pain interest was the opening of more popis for commerce, On the other hand, Japan was opsned by U.S.4, whose chier motive was in obtaining some opaling atatioco in Japan to facilitate her trans-Pacific navigation route, Though both countries differed in their ban outward motives for the "opaning" of doors, yat the attitudes of the meat were alike. It might bɔ relatc1 So the 19th century imperialism which manifested dinel? in the acquisition of more lande “and overses marketa.
Diccatisfied with the limitation of trade så Canton and the irksome regulations imposed on the tradere, British government attempted to get moro concessions for the opening of ports and equal diplomatie footing from the Ching government. Soveral missions were dispatched during the early decades of
the 19th century. None succeeded. The failure of Lord Napierta Miasion in 1834 made the British convinced that they must resort to aras in forcing: China to opan her doors. Chance one when a chinese dalled Lin Wei-hei was killed by some British sailora, Commission Lin Tse-hau, who had been sent to suppress opium trade at Canton, immediately demanded the handling over of British sailors for trial. Captain Elliot readily refused. Failure in negotiation resulted in the actual opening of fire, Canton was bombarded. Nanking was in danger. Chinese resistazoo had proved to be futile. Consequently,
China capitudated and signed the "anking Treaty on AuguM W ̈· 29, 1842. By the Treaty, 5 coastal ports were opened, co-Hong was abolished, an indemnity was requited, tariff was fixed, Hongkong was ceded, most-favourea- nation clause and extraterritoriality were granted. Thus the pattern of China's opening vas by the signing of a treaty after a wOR
Turning to Japan, we find that the pattern was
a little different. After the failure of Commodore Biddle in 1846, U.S.A. sent Commodore Perry in 1851. He was instructed not to use foron unless inevitable. mie mission emphasised on its friendly nature. He arrived with 4 ships at Edo Bay in 1853. He insisted on handling President Fillmore's letter to the shogun's high officials. The letter asked for fair treatment for the shipwrecked sailors and opening of porta for coaling purpose. Then Perry loft promising to rotura year later for a treaty. In 1854 Perry returned and the shogun duly signed the Parry Trosty (Treaty of Kanagawa) in 1854. 2 perso were opened for coaling tations, a consul was allowed at Shimodu and the most-favoured-nation ökänze was granted. Thus Japan was forced open. No war conured though Perry's demonstration of his 4 steam ships which the Japanese had never perceived before must had impressed them of western military superiority.
After being forced open, internNA COMUNOS cocurred in both countries. China's defeat in war revealed the weakness of the Manokus. Phe Dynasty withered away slowly, Though modernisation movezenta • vere advocated, China was not strengthened, Ia Japen, the opaning led to the hasty fall of the Tekugawa Shogunate and paved the way for the faiji Restoratius and modernisation for
Despite the various reasons, attitudes and patterna, Western power had used "fores" to enforon orening. Ektain was tacked up by homa government in ɔpening fire. Though Amazios did not fave military backing up, she had demonstrated her Toros before the Japundzo, Oponicga moze scoured on the signing (or,
中文中學
式題預習魚欄
物理科(十八)
工弦反空氣社 王银的處
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79/200
340 (30)
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7 = 80×4×(50)*x(80) = 1.029 ~/0° (**)
34 2 u 5 2:3
来源溽
千两孩之直径之比為 25
美國單位長之質量與安旅截面驼成正比,
読む社分別表
【陆之直徑则
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或
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5.3 2 1 18 13087
解由根弦公式子一起
而英第一泛音插基 哦
$234,*I*, * $i=1√m An=
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ALLTRAI B4218.
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165 ZAKRAKILKU 20:17
31 = √ =
公式
273 776
17760
2737127
V/2=5/2
$ 300.3-273
工弦及空更拉之旅的
1.有一鋼線下懸一鋁質童 剋珠,在此線中之旗 牛$300次/秒,其後路重 入水中求此情況下 何謂振強足律
-鋼絲長一米
0.02 11.
主張が為2004類が子供 主频率
3.45 1.
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量不計,則管長须如何改变始能
什薯宝涵為15°C時,求長度忍50型 發基者及依次的諧音之颜气
$ 1 8 4 5 33 1
更正
Treaties. Both vero escarted as unequal) thoy difícT only in their degroes of intensity, Cozparativoly, Parrý Tranty was a músɔ" friendly document and leas exacting than the Tweety of Wanking which began to hibble away mush chiseda Bovorozenty.
GRAETIONA for next WOBEI
1. Account for the 41114
betweon Buzsia and Aus valo
2. Issoribe and absoak the importance of JapanaTO
Zaibatsu in our per