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170英文中學會考試題預習專欄
歷史科
書院主編
(十六)
HISTORY (16)
1. What were the causes of the Taiping Rebellion
(1850-1864)
The reasons why the Taipings Fose in the mid- 19th century in a reballion against the Hanohu government and why it mus able to zequire such dimensions were multiple. Firstly, for the general social background, we may co back to the time of the lant for dsaaden of the 18th contary for the saade of the prebles. The second half of Chien-lung's rule was marked by the beginning of dynastic decline of the Ching government. The administration was slowingly deteriorating; the officialdos was toconing more and more degenerated and coruptį sus people Zuosė increasing difficulty in gotting a livelihood; and there was the general growth of social, and scónomie problems that wore conséquences of natural developmsat is peacetime and which the gover#BOLT failed to cope with. These elementa nusually interacted from mouent to moment, and prepared mooial beekground which proved to be conducive rebellions,
Tho nature of the problem is not difficult to *s. At ldnet three quarters of the population were supported by farning but the rural soonomy' was in constant decline because of the growth of populatium, of the ingedaning disaster brought by natural catastrophes and of heavy taxation. It is true ena w during the first two centuries of the Ching period. oultivated land had been greatly ingrossed by colonisatiez on the frontier, and by the opening tuzin land, but such increase failed to keep pare with the growth of population. By about 1800, the living stanaký ard of the rural areas van obsviossly daslinings: Labour was plentiful while land was limited and capital seafce. There had been little progress in the techniques of farging, and there was no indun kay which might absorb the growing young population. Poverty mě food soarcity became inmportant social problems for which the government could find na solution.
The growing hardship of the people vas pasti result of the deterioration in adminis.nation, the officialdea ad a whole lacked dissipatus anda
sfficiency, and was embedded in cozzpilcz, The increase in unofficial extortion and äzaction van heavy bundes upon the populace, while the failure in administration must be responsiblefor the dimensions of natural disasters. For example, the silt of the -[ellow River and grand osnel was not offset by the maintenance of diken. The Cenal because lemn unable for gain transport and the Yellow Hiver finally brake losse with dannge in 1852. Pressure of numbers, flood, famine, poverty, coruption and the resulting ineffectiveness of government were demonstrated in the increase of banditry riots and outbreaks in manj
areat..
These disorders had a ready weapon at hand - secret societies. Most of these societies had their origins in the early Ching period, and aimed at "Overthrow the Ching and restore the Ning." Therefore, they were anti-Kanchu societies organised by Chinese people, and they fomented or capitalised upon many of the disorders of the day, Here are can see that those riots and rebellions were not merely expressions:ef discontent of the current social and economio svile, they were also expressions of the anti-Manohu feeling ing the Chinese people.
Another factor which contributed to the Taiping uprising was the growing frustration of the scholars outside the officialdon. To these people, the only career they could seek in life was to pass the government examinations and get the necessary- degrees to acquire official status, A minority indeed succeeded but most people failed. Also, with the passage of time the government i inevitably becans Less and less able to give every candidate a place in the government which was already overstaffed, In consequence, there was a growing feeling of trustrat- ion among these candidates who ware less successful and less fortunate. It is natural that those who resented the system finally tried to destroy it.
The rise of the Taipings illustrated the working of all those factors the social and economic evils of the day, the anti-Manchu tradition of the Chiness people and the growing frustration of the scholars. Two of the leaders of the Taiping Rebellion, Hung Hein Chuan and Fong Tung-than were government students turned rebels after repeated failures in examinatione. Attracted by the "Christian" faith, which they wrongly interpreted, and taking it as a political weapon, they organized the "God Worshippers Society" (Pal Shang-ti-kai). This happened in the late 1840's. By that time, disorder was widespread in South China, especially is Kwangai; therefors, Hung was able to attract all manner of disaffected persons – Hakkas, Triad Society members, pivates, and homeless peasants. The Taipinge also inherited the anti-Manchu tradition. Hung himself was connected with the Heavenly and Barth Society (or the Triad Society, which was the sƠN powerful anti-Xanohu secret society in South China)
報日僑華
五期星日十二月二年〇七九一瑟公年九十五國民華中育教僑華
and the anti-Nanohu cause was taken up as one of the chief weapons in propaganda în the Reballion. Thus it was against this background of widespread soolal discontent and anti-Xanohü sentiasat that frustrated #oholare like Hung and Feng were inspired to revolt and were able to attract so many followers in the 1850's rebellion which almost suooceded, in overthrowing the Kanchu Dynasty!
2. What changes were made in the relavLOANS DOTWORL Japan and the countries of Europe and America between 1800 and 1860.
After 1639, the shogunate government of Tokugama Japan adopted a policy of strictly limited contact with the outside world. The only important exception was that the Datoh were allowed, at the
Nagasaki harbour. This Dutch trade, some carefully controlled conzeros with Chinese merahanta at
cost of many kumuliations, to trade at Deshima M
Nagasaki and a restricted flow of trade by way of the island of Tomshima to Korea and through the Ryukyus to China, formed the only conact between Japan and the outside world.
In the olosing years of the sighteenth century and the first half of the nineteenth, parallel to the increased activity of the Westerners in Chins, attempts were made by European and American countries to break the isolation of Japan.
The Russians were the first to press upon Japan's closed doors. In 1792, they made a serious effort to open relations Lientenant Laxman went to Hokkaido e negotiate but was told that Naganaki was the only post forsthere were allowed to sta Revanos thus went to Nagasaki in 1804 to negotiate for trade but was informed that Japan had no need for foreign trade,
Meanwhile the. British too vara beginning to frequent Japanese waters. A British vessel visited Hokkaido as early as 1797. Then in 1808 a British frigate enterad Tagasaki in search of Dutch ships. sucosaded in gatting provisions.
ang
These and other attempts by the Russiana and tas british all ended up in failure. But attempts became more frequent frem 1820 onwärde as the North Pacific whaling industry developed greatly and as the great circle route soress the Pacifio brought American olipper shipa clase to the Shores of Jabem on the war to and from Canter,
The crews of both whalers and clippers were naturally interested in obtaining persissien to anter the many good harbours of Japan to escape storm or to take on provisions and water after the long Pacific crossing. There was also concern over the arusl treatment of shipwrecked seamen by the hostile and suspicious Japanese. Toward the middle of the 19th- century, the Americans became interested in finding Coaling stations in Japan for her ateam ships,
For all these reasons, opening the parts or Japan. becans inoreasingly important to Anerican arter 1830. In 1837, am american ship "Morrison”, under captain David Ingersoll, sailed to Edo but was fired upon. In 1846, Commodore James Biddle led an expedition of tue ships with the instruction to m secure a commercial tresty. He stayed at Edo Bay for ten days but left when his request was denied. After these failungs, the "American goverzment decided to sake major effort to force open Japan's closed doors,
Thus Commodere Parry was sent with four werships. to Edo Bay in 1853, bringing with him a letter from the President requesting the opening of one or two ports for trade and supplies and better treatment for American castaways. He insisted on dealing with officials of high rank to whom he duly delivered the letter and said that he would come again in a year. до ноща
squadron of ten slips and secrued the Treaty of Kanagama on 31st March. The shogunate was unable to resist the pressures and therefore had to not againas. the will of the nation. By the treaty, Shimoda and Hokodate were to be opened for trades and provisioning shipuracked Amarieanu were to be well-treated in Japan, an American consular agent was to be allowed. to reside in Shimoda;, and the most-favoured-nation olause was granted to the Americans,
Perry's auossas was dus to many factors. He understood the weaknesses of the Japanese na ti on and the characteristics of the Japanese. Behind the friendly attitude, he was factful and firm, and u. used implied threats of force, to such an extent that they were strong enough to be a warning and yet pacific enough so that the Japanese waxa not bumuliated. The lesson of China's defeat in the Angli Chimse was alse important in helping some of the
apanese to adopt a realistic approach to the problem.
Following the signing of the Treaty of Kanagawa, the Shogunate concluded similar treaties with the British (1854) the Russians (1855) and the Dutch (1856).
Japan, however, was not really open for trade as ruv, à commercial treaty was required, and again it van the Americans who led the way. Townsend Harris arrived in Shimoda in 1856 as the first American Javoy. He succeeded to secure a commercial treaty by skilfully using the imperialist threat of the British and thus senvincing the shogunate the bal accessity of concluding a full commercial tresty, By the Treaty of Edo (July 29, 1858), both ministèrs and consuls were to be exchanged between the two sations, Edo and four other ports were to be opened for trade and residence; custom duties were to be fixed at moderate rates, Americans ware to have extraterritorial privileges in Japan, and the United States are to make available to Japan ships, ermanente, and exparta,
Within the next few weeks, the Duton, ussians British and French concluded similar commercial treaties, which together with the Americam tresty known collectively, as the "freation with the Five Nations", which marked the success of the West in opening Japan and which, laid the foundation for Japan'a relations with the west in the latter half. of the century
要班中文中學會考試也預習會溫
物您想
(十六)
H波動與声處填-
題題性
劉炳恩·
1.弹涂物質之某部份因受外力而作週期性之 旅戮的其他谷都督必次募暨生採用之抵鞋 此現象殊事波動物赞振動鐘土应贺鱿慈路 海號
DELTEMUL TOR LO3476% LE MILTINUL OR ET
聯或早行之波
261 R$ 8 11:33 I
* * - *** 0.007 £
解數最低哲與最高音三波長分别吾心及
= 340/30 =11.33 (*)
λ2 = V / $1 =340/20000=0-017 (8)
3鞭坪特近而不扫等三两浪同時停播時四平 高惠蘭之声者称为控
频率为255 次/
之殛母為了颡蜡復之频率為子则
2
f
255 (2/5))
* £= 257 (22)
254 (1/87) * £=258 (*/49) 蜡後音义上频率左變小故
* $ 255 =2/8).
第一峭壁蘭之距離局 575米
與第一峭壁間之距離事又
1 $2 $ (2000 -14) § 2018 £ 大+5秒則
x = 340 × =
2009-X = 340 X £tz
朝の及(式
-0.
x = 575 (NJ)
JEG LEA = 73.33 *F
設此船行之连度为v吠秒,声音日船上傳3 峭壁所須之時刚与芯动声
上竹三時間なら則
t1 = 7 x 280
1100
★2 = (±x5280-1.51)/1110,
+x-£200 + (†x5280=1.5V)|||00 =1$ 解之行
V = 73.33 (H3)
6甘深海 107米
练裒背深為是米,10°C時之声连当订则
V = 331 † 0-6 X 10 = 337
設需水声连音口竹旗之時開易右物,则
(#)
LEN
tx5-
· h = ±g to
·λ = ±x9·8x(5-£) * 之得
£ =107 (#)
7 14 26 32768 8/2,8 # 21 SABI
V = $x =1324 × 0-32 = 327-68 (*)*)
x=331+0.67
327.A
景此区酱每砂之振数学145次,
解鷇30°C時之声速為VOC時之声速則為 110吠/秒,而温变每升降1°C,则声速增戚
130=1160 (RF/4))
12 45 (210)
, ני
9.铁轨被密處與觀測者之距離為365选 佩鞭妖轨被出處與觀測落距缀当工米,则像
题意得:
340
得 = 365
10. C童义每秒之張數為
(未完赭入第六第三頁)