REFERENCE LIBRARY
23 JAN 1970
育教儒齢 ·穿三第四第 日六十月二十年讯及要
YAH KIU YAT PO
報日憍
五期星日三廿月一年〇七九一公年九十五國民華峰 ̇
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1770英文中學會考試題預習專欄
歷史科
書院主編
HISTORY (12)
1. Give a general survey of the Belgian Independence
Movement. and show how the attitudes of the various Powera contributed to its suĊ0068.
AT TAB Ungress of Vienna, Austria gave up her tarritories in the Netherlands (by this time generally known as Belgium), which was united to Holland to form one country, the United Netherlanda . The purpose was to establish a strong state to the northeast of France and to ensure that France could 10t advance along the channel coast...
The United Netherlands, however, was unnatural combination, for the two peoples were completely different. The Dutch had their own languages, while the Belgians epoke Flemish and French. They also profoamed different religions, tha Dutch being Calvinist Protestants and the Belgians Catholic. The Dutch had been a great commercial and colonising rare while Belgium was a mining and manufacturing region.
The union was therefore not popular with the Belgians, although in certain ways' such a combination would bring benefits to both countries. For example, Belgian products could be conveyed by Dutch shipe to other countries as well as to the Dutch colonies. Yet before this and other cooperative efforts could be achieved prejudices on both sides must be broken down, and this depanded much on the good will of the Dutch King and his government.
The Dutch government, however, did not follow a conciliatory policy, and friction between the two peoples started early. A commission was appointed by William I to draw up a constitution for the united kingdom. In spite of Belgian protests the States- General, an assembly which represented the provinces,
to be composed of fifty-five membera for each part of the kingdom. This was unfair because the Belgiana "Outnumbered the Duton by three milliona to two. A
·Belgian Assembly rejected the constritution but the King ordured its enforcement
The Belgians had other reasons for their discontent and resentment The seat of government
was in Holland and Dutch became the official language, The Selgians also resented their small share in the distribution of important position in the government. In addition, the financial policy of the Dutch Government was felt to be unjust to the Belgians. Holland had a heavier debt than did Belgium, yet taxation to meet debt charges was levied uniformly over the united kingdom, and the imposition in 1921 of new taxes on flour and meat added to the growing irritation. In the eyer of the Belgians, the Dutch were trying to rule the two countries for their ownL benefit. Over the problem of education, the Belgian "Catholice objected to Dutch Protestante controlling
the education of their children, and the Catholic Church was determined to retain its control of education which the government resolved to transfer to secular hands. With all these causes of dissat- isfaction, it was only a question of time until there Su would be a breach between the two countries.
From 1828 on there was a full campaign anong the Belgians for separation from the Dutch, Belgian Catholice, liberals and nationaliste joaned together. Everything was ready for revolt by 1830. Then came the; news of the July Revolution in Paris, which caused great excitement in Brussels. At that time, an industrial exhibition was being held in the city, and as part of the celebrations there wae an opera in which an actor sang about freedom. The audience tuok up the song and sang at in the streets and the demonstration soon developed into a riot. Since
the royal forces in the city were restore order, the King sent an army of 10,000 men to Brussels, But it was driven out and retired to Autwerp. The Belgians set up their own government; a National Congress which met at Brussels declared the country to be independant of Holland and decided to alect a new king.
XANUKALMADIN
Here we must understand that the Belgian Independence Movement was not merely an internal affair of the United Netherlande. Since it was a liberal as well as a nationalist revolution it
iolated the peace of Europe which some of the big powers wanted to maintain, and the evolution itself Was a breach of the Vienna Settlement. The fate of the independent Belgian therefore was to be decided not only by the resolution and capability of the Belgians but also by the aths kodas of the big powers.) The three autocratic powers of stern Europe
were likely to Austria, Trassie and Russia- intervene, because in the past they did cooperate in suppressing revolutions elsewhere in Europa. However,
in 1830. they did not, or could not rather, do so
A serious rebellion had broken out in Poland and the Tsar was fully occupied in its suppression. Prussia and Austria, with fighting going on so hear their own Bordera, were also disinclined to interfere in the affairs of the Netherlande. Austria, moreover, had
troubles in North Italy. These trec powers ware,
therefore, unable to move. There remained the two big powers of France and England in Western Europe. The
new governunt of France after the evolution ander Į Louie Philippo was naturally well-disposed towards
the new kingdom. She also liked to see the disintegra~]
tion of the big United Natherlands. England did not object as this would weaken Holland as her chief
rival in trade. Thus st a conference of the powers.
held in London towards the end of 1030 it was decided to rucugaso the depuration of Belgium from Holland and to, guarantee its independence and neutrality.
Curly in 1831, the Belgian National Congress. offered the crown to the Duke of Nemours, Son of Louis) Phillips. This was opposedhty Britain, and Louis Phillipe at last declined the offer. So the Belgians} offered the crown to Leopold of Saxe-Coburg who
agreed to accept it.. He was a good choice, for he was related to all the reigning families of Europe.
+
The Dutch sent an army to invade Belgium in July' 1831 But the French came to aid of the Belgians, The Dutch therefore withdrew to Autwerp, which they
surrendered later to the Belgians who were helped by]
a British fleet and a Franch army. In 1839, the
movement was brought to a logical conclusion by the Treaty of London, by which all the powers, including Holland, recognised and guaranteed the independence; and neutrality of Belgium.
2. What was the late Ching Reform Movamant? Why did
it fail to save the Manchu Dynasty?
The final decade of the Ching dynasty from 1901'
to 1311 witnessed a reform movement motivated by the Empress Dowager of Tza-hai and her supporters. These people in fact were conservative and antiforeign, and it was they who had opposed the Reform Movement of 1329 und sponsored the Boxar Movement with the
hope of expelling all foreigners. However, the Boxer] Hovement turned out to be a disaster for the country. This together with the failure of the Reform Movement of 1898 also strengthened the cause of the revolutionary movement led by Dr. Sun Yat-sen on the periphery int overseas. Being taught a lesson, Tzu- hai and her supporters now realized the bankruptcy of
mere antiforeignism and the necessity of constructive actions, Thus in the decade that followed, they . introwuced a series of reform measures modelled on those supposted during the Reform Movement of 1998, and on the examples of Japan.
The most important measures were about education, In 1901, it was announced that the civil service. Dxaminations would be modified in scope and content.) Kore important than this, the government intended tol build a new educational system which would one day supplant the old examination. Thus a hierachy of - school system from kindergarten through the Imperial University was proclaimed and a national Board of Education was eatablished (1906). The Civil Service: Examination was finally abolished in 1906. The { government also sent a large number of students abroad. These measures reflected the government's determination to revolutionize the dducation of the country and to lay her educational hopes entirely,
with the new schools,
The government also tried to reorganize and etrengohen the Aray. Here Yuan Shih-Kai played the most important role and built up a competent and well- di siglmed army, the Felyang Army. In 1906, army reforms were carried out in the bands of viceroya ́and)
governers of the provinces. To centralize its military forces, the government ordered these looal officials to surrender theim ermies to the Board of War. After 1905, plans for a modern fleat were also contemplated, but little was achieved.
In the sphers of political reforms, the most important thing was the introduction of constitu- Gionglass. It was hoped that constitutionalism, when combined with government reorganization to strengthen the central adzinistrativa power, might give the rising provinofal intereste a meaningful share in the government and so keep them loyal to it. A study commission of five people therefore was sent abroad in 1905 for the organization of a constitutional government. Ga let September 1906, Tau-hai decread a constitutional monarchy to be formed in 10. years, and an immediata roorganization of the administratíve ayutam. As a result a new government with 10 ministries wao sat up. In 1888, the "Principles or the Constitution" was proclaimed. Provincial assemblies, elected by the scholaatio and propertied classes, were established in 1909. They were to elect the National Assembly in 1910. & parliament was promised for 1917. But when the National Assembly met in 1910, its members urgeti for an earlier parliament. However, before the parliament could be called, the revolution broke out in 1911 and ended the Ching dynasty.
The government also directed its attention to the problem of opium smoking. Various measures, such aa the imposition of heavy taxation, and the introductiog of a licensing system, were carried out. There were also banning measures and the introduction of anti- oplum fille. All these proved to have some results but unfortunately, this reduction programme was discontinued in the early years of the Republic,
In the last years of the Manchum, efforțe were aleo made to oliminate the distinction between the Manchus and the Chinese. The intermarriage of Manchus and Chinese, for instance, was permitted in 1902. There were other ruforms too - of currency, law and justice, and public finance, but most of them tano out too late to be put into practice when the Henchus were overthrown.
Drastic as these reforme were, they failed to meet the demands of the progressives in the country, who wanted avea more radical measures and who were growing in number and strength. The reformers also encountered the difficulty of ignorance and the opposition of oonservative forces. There was in fact a failure in leadership. Tzu-hef, though quite sincere in pushing forward the Reform Movement, wae] too old, too igmorent, and too much bound by traditionel considerations. Jung-lu,,Li, Hung-chang › and Liu Kun-i died early, while Chang Chih-tung and Yuan Shih-Kai failed to perform as national loaders,
台,顺做重唐到有一行。此幅散在世
用完叫帕此之憾,而决定
j.
港團
弱體
能及間
與政
殘府
廢通
當局發展弱能兒童教育
國泰廣告公司
已有具體計劃
| 他們將建离年後閒行啓,
可增加達三倍 到一九七一年時 本港弱能與殘廢兒童教育 將 籌建工作 均由志願團體及政府通力合作進行 間低能兒童學校及擴-
一間宣資學校 所有此等 籌備進行設立特別學校 包括兩間盤童學校 一
兒糪慳楜=斯有此類恊役,坼開 私人 我会近年來在此商之試网亦極大。 海發說。月前,水族共有卝四明州熊兒童特別煜 她隔楼;能配寬狄育之製領,並由政府給予尙股有一個育附 (超)冰湖科帼凫我轉別漱仔,近年來中 難關性的顧下,均受到注意。當為正戊爾號乙巿「掃總會無個之發育。教 經浦路及在上之指導。此外,洪紅十宁中心,或依胗爾球帶
飛機聲音就育,將可撥述三倍。
學馞習 孤收鼠 朝塑料之甲酰比的。 此外,詹解吸軒能祺度解軾之同版,宫菜 一盤値蚪氩常酖窅有湖一步發腰門胞,有 勦州卵爁鹰悴,一個磁臮羅國乃至一
生,亦盡可能將鸿峰安習亦予近校之戰中,作品方鼎提下,在酒機空機進行第阮次
群∈力夺作阿硭。
北斗,在湖街,長沙向雄館,炸繼進一塊相士居萬份
PR
•
冇機會接受弈術背悲可爾凱兒或说] 悄将触过期戰群之系统安安布首通離心內,試熊|烏察看際牌爾行外交際協訊會作些,所齐商發,環,河開当接受潜了啊ㄞ之分開酒"。
「深譖激恩」外,蜊用」。獄會古河鄉會曼性遢尚有教育 通邻湖之帝 明方
|號在一千五百元以下之
出呼籲,促讀本 年罚
治設有,
私立中英文校協
訓練期仍爲兩年 名表 填妥後最遲於月廿一日交回 可向教署及三間師範學院索取報
| 接受入學申請
上鶴限分在下午就跑 炒定部週上六小時,
ETC)
先學或工作上就
染之面:收費。〔〕
市區及新界區小學師訓班
香港敎師會促請
蹲。
,然佤立。
各校購敎師保險
轉生與及悄話」之研針
行ň君就出產力
〔
〕關于木徙敎育院。(丁)
一 度市區及新界區之作糖,非随紅的鸦孚俄航宣减,如下:C绡》福拿网影
惟開始接受那理 申識,即敎育司亦經官 | 小教師洲將許之入學 我院
城跳神必伤科用,不深,為離同工爲非幣中的酚 申辩入射只可申燧一伦湖底學修女師。(了一對之效藥實習協有導師之好力工作者,几月將 低科月,在受期間門 各汝新逍耧班萨情,各浟育學院斯擬向上或於本年一月一日實施, 各有除 均適合新法例之保障
〔1〕學員把攻讀】之勞工賠償,包 不超過一千究百元者,
日前以一九六九年
會長古茂建昨提出該項呼籲
九各风控當間密钢剪|MR. C.J. BAIN J
二人,两所辉沸湖
(#)
是次研討會將以英
船鋅發展協會之職
召開理監事會議
語科聯,其中內包括
通過志誠學校申請入會
預計關恆之
第消尙
注頁問息有
張刊教
在育
豬油、蔬菜
感
那不足提案、和新菜 BENNET)蛋粉
豆派國
強員
作全左海麟
一級號
北淨公
「嬴山(叫)坨會案,一件指示入會之恩梅野铟 之固a (5)「行號術結束,關於會 網路工作,由女盤一發會羅東鴷,外一於夜縱不取一特跟財。持有 先錄用躪利,價 姆志就算控巿體入育工作,實力 畢業證苖照同有關可解教育則定,會愛 按融。 | 可開院歌下代
月下心中力產生
作製綠模 究
or these two people Yuan was able and young, but no
was untrustworthy and later proved to be a traitor to the Court. In a word, a strong leadership failed to omerge in this period to lead the movement.
Kore important than these factors which restricted the progress of the reform movement wen the changing political atmosphere of the day. Many people after the Boxer Rising had lost their confidence in the Ching Court, they believed that the government earried out these reforms only half- Eeartedly and they entrusted their hope of China's. salvation in a revoltuionary movement which aimed at overthrowing the Ching dynasty and establishing a republic. It was unfortunate to the Manchu government that in carying out the Teforma, it could not avoid muturing anti-Ching and oentrifugal forces that would. eventually destoyed it. Sp it was, the late Ching Reform Movement came too late to save the dynasty and the Revolution of 1911 not only put, an end to the Reform Movement but to the Kanchu xule in China as well
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