頁二第張六第日九初月二十年西己愿夏 AH KIU YAT PO
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19英文中學會考試題預習專欄
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歷史科
HISTORY (11)
Show how the rivalry between Japan and Russia in the Far East eventually led to the Xusso-Japanese War of 1904-05.
Russia's early advance acroam Siberia was first stimulated by the fur trade in the late 16th century. Since food supply was precarious, the Russians felt a constant need to reach a grain-growing area as well as the Pacific Ocean, with its access to the populous countries of Bast Asian trade. This inevitably. attracted them to the amr River and brought them into conflicts with "thé Chinese goverbment under the. Kanchus By that time, the Russians were more concerned about stalls trade contact rather than territorial expansion. Thus after much bargaining with Chins, the Russiane agreed to keep out of the Amur watershed and
of the far outer frontier of Mongolia. In return they obtained by treaties a stable basic for trade Falations
Stimulated by Britain to success in China, Rusa 5. SE in the middle of The 19th century renewed hạr expansionist policy in the Far East, She wanted to extend the Russian boundary to the Pacific Coast, to penetrate into Hànchuria and Korea, and to secure an
··ice-fres part in those regions. The Treaty of Peking between China and Russia marked the latter's first success, by which the Russian secured the ferritorial osssion of the coast of Manchuria. With this start, the Russians in the decades that ensured gradually increased their powera and strengthened their position in the Far East.
The Far Eastern situation, however, was much more complicated than that in the past. In the expansion of their powers and territories, the Russians met the resistance not only of China, but also of other powera especially Japan. To Japan, the Russian acquistion of the Maritime Province of Manchuris meant the emergence ip her neighbourhood or menacing power. Moreover, the Russian interest in Korea, the "dagger" pointed at the heart of Japan and the country's stepping-atone to the continent could not but cause great anxiety among the Japanese, Therefore, since 1858, Japan had watched Russia's moves closlyi In 1861 Russia tried to seiza the island of Tsushima from Japan, but abandoned her demands when the British intervened. In 1875 Japan accepted a Russian offer of the Kurile Islands in exchange for Sakhalin, previously claimed by both countries. These and others' could be evidences sufficient enough to show to the Japanese that the rise of Russia in the Far East would mean a threat to the safety of their nation, a challenge to Japan's powers in northeast Asia and an obstacle in the realization of their sims on the continent. As a result, the Japanese were determined to res180 Russia and establish their position and powers' in Korea before the Russians were able to do so.
It is understandable that such mixed fealings or fear and ambition also worked in the hearts of the Russians, who natérally adopted a policy towards Japan, which was similar to Japan's policy towards herself.
י
The Russo-Japanese rivalry became intensified after. 1891, In that year, the Russians began to construct the Trans-Siberian Railway in order to strengthen their position in isis. Such a more caused much anxiety in Japan, and probably was a factor in inducing Japan to take determined actions in Korea in 1894.
The success of Japan in her war with China in 1894-95 brought her into bitter conflicts with Russia. By the Treaty of Shimonózeki, Japan subceedeď in destroying Chinese influence in Korea by declaring the Beninsular an independent state, and in securing the cassions of Formosa, the Peseadores and the Lisetung Peninsula: from China. Such terms reflected Japan's purpose of blocking Russia's' advanos and the extention of her ambitions in Manchuris. Russia, alarmed by this new development of events, led France and germany in the tripple intervention of April 1894, foreing Japan to restore the Liaotung Peninsula to China. Japan then standing alone, was unable to refuse the "advica". So she "bear the unbearable", and returned the peninsula to China.
Pressing this advantage, Russia is their years that followed,. made arspinal effort in increasing their influense in Manohuris. In 1895, the Russian Government got French and Russian bark to loan .. China to help pay China's indemnity due to Japan. year later, Li Hung-chang agreed to the building of the Russian-controlled Chinese Eastern Railway. though Manchuria to Vladivostok, and signed a secret treaty with Russia. for joint defenos against Japan. In 1898, Russia obtained a lease of Liaotung and got the right to convert Port Arthur and Darien with the Chinese Eastern Railway by a north-south line, of 600 miles.
The Japanese, of course, were aware of these developments and they could never forget the blow that Russia hit on them in 1895. She was waiting for an opportunity to revenge on Russia.
1
During the Boxer Uprising of 1900. Russian troops) moved in and occupied Manchuria, After the Boxer Protocol was concluded in 1901, Japan demanded the withdrawal of Russian troops, but Russia took no notice of it. However, under the pressures of powers, Russia Tinally in 1902 agreed to evacuate Manchuria, in, three stages, within 18 months.
ther
郭日僑華
五期星日六十月一年〇七九一年九十五國民華中育教僑華
Russia still tried to, consolidate her control of Manchuria, and delayed her evacuation of troops after the first stage. When China refused to accept her... demands, Russia felt compelled to negotiate with Japan. In the negotiations of 1903–04, Japan got fairly free hand in Korea, but instead of giving Russia the same in Manchuria, Japan offered to
recognize only the Russian rightë along thể railways, During that period, Russia was transporting 7000 troops a month to the Far East. Suspicious of this,
the Japanese finally broke off relations on
February 6, 1904. They attacked the Russian fleet
at Port Arthur, and thus forced the outbreak of the Russo-Japan War.
2. Describe Bismark's efforts at unifyines Germany.
the Gargan nationalists to
The effor
boring about a united Dermany by means of the Frankfurt Parliament failed in 1848-49. Frederick William IV's attempt in 1850 in creating the German. League also came to nothing because of the opposition of Austria, Tet lessons had been learnt from the movamante. It was clear that a nationalist movement notivated by the people would not be strong enough to force, the German princes to cooperate with each other and with themselves in establishing a united Germany. Secondly, the hope of a united Germany could never be realized of the opposition of Austria was not defeated. It seemed that the success· of German ification lay in the building up of a foroe powerful enough to expel Austria when the
time came and to crush the opposition of the Smaller States. This was exactly what Bismarck had in mind, "The great questions of the day", he said, "are to be solved, not by speeches and by majority resolutions but by blood and iron." He also interrited tha Prussian traditional conviction that Prussiá muat be the leaderin à united Germany..
Bisserk therefore set off to reform and strengthen the Prussian Army. It was organized by Von Roon and directed by Moltke, with the result that in a few years, it became the most efficient fighting machine in Europe. Bismarck's intention was to use it as the instument to bring about German unity, since he realized that the best way to unite s divided country is a foreign war. He knew that if foreigners began to fight against Germans, all the German. Statem were likely to give help. For this reason he plunged Germany into three wars inside six years.
The first war took place in 1864 against Denmark. The duchies.of Schleswig and Holstein were membere of the German Confederation, but were under the rule of the King of Danmark. In 1863. the new king of Demark attempted to incorporate these two areas into his Kingdom, but the Germany in both places resisted it. Bismark invited Austzia to intervene joatly on behalf of the Germany in Schleswig and Holstein and war was declared on Denmark in 1864. The result was an easy victory for the German powers. By the Treaty of Gastein (1865), Denmark relinguished her claim to the two Duchies. It was arrange that Prussia was to rule Schleswig and Austria vas to rule. Holestaing
Biomark nov began to plet against Austria. By ekilful dielomary, he obtained the neutrality of Fapoleon III of France, by vague promises of *compensation" and gained the help of Holy by promising
kur Venevier. Thus prepared, he picked a quarrel with Anatria over Sohleswig and Holestein, Bismark wished khesa territories to become promises of Fruscia, but Astria wanted them to be independent members of the
German Confederation. Prussia called on Austria to withdraw from Schleswig. Austria refused and war broke out in June 1006. Within seven weake, Austria and those German state supporting her defeated. By the Treaty of Prague (1566), Venatis was to be ceded to Italy and Austria paid only à token indemnity.. But more important than these, the German Confederation of 1815 ceased to exist. In its place, a ILAW organization called the North German Confederation "under"Prussian leadership was established. It
extended from the Rhine to Poland and included all the north German states.
By this time Bismark realized that a war with France would be necessary before German unity with the Southern States could be chieved. France resuitsq the rise of a strong power in Central Europe, and Napoleon hastily asked Bismark to fulfill his promises of reward for France's neutrality during. the Seven Weeks' War. He demanded territory on the Rhine and also the Palatinate which belonged to Buria. Bismark took it as a chance, refused it. and told the Southern States of it. They, then, united with Prussia. Other territorial demands were also refused.
Bismark, se preparation for war, again, tried tå secure the neutrality of other powers first. By various means he was able to persuade Britain and Bussis to remgin neutral. He then picked out a pretext in the problem of Spanish Succession..
The proposed candidate for the vacant Spanish throne was a relative of the King of Prussia, France; of course, opposed to such an arrangement. Napoleon sent hie umbassador to Ems to see the Prussian King, to ask him to pledge he would never support a Hohenzollem candidate to the Spanish throne. A telegram about the interview was sent to Bismark from Ems. Bismark published it and it appeared that both sides had been insulted. Both countries clamoured for war which actually broke out in 1870. France was defeated and -a revolution broke out in France. Napoleon III was
overthrown and the Third R public of France decided. to carry on the war, Paris was besieged for four months. The French finally capituated in 1871.
By the Treaty of Frankfurt, 1871, France agreed. to cede Aleace and Lonamie to Garmany, to pay a war indemnity and to support a German aray on her soil until the indemnity was fully paid. Before the final surrender of Paris, Bismark had opened negotiations with the South German States for theif admission, into the North German Confederation. An agreement was) reached and the States offered the title of Emperor to King William. In the Palace of Versailles, the German Empire was procléined and William I was crowned as the Emperor of Germany,
學會考試題預習專欄
E、固体、液体氯体之膨脹問答計算題解
MZALILEK 3/2 X 10°/°C
= 12×10 X = 1°F
已知一鋼尺在65°F校準時之長度為100呎
€ 95°F 4, ISEL LENS
Los x (s + 2 st)
= 100 × (1+ 12 x 10 * x x 30)
=100.02 (5)
数在95F時,以此鋼尺量庚100.02呎之
距離時,此及所示之距離感為100呎
當用此在F童度某两点边距離得在 葵為86-57呎吋,實際此两点之距離為
X
· 86-57 × ( 1† 12 × 10TM×× 30).
86-517 (93)
2鰻頭表°C時級璃瓶之察積及水銀主体獲
GV9分别表100°C時玻璃瓶互水饭之赛横 友体績則
Vg
Virg
VOX CITY A
To st)
= √2 × (1+3 og st)
Vo X (it Yog At?
- (1) 得
(2) -
Vng Vg = Vo (Vig-32) st
-
W 29 3. 19. Vig
=15+2
• Vo (YHq -3 cg) t = 15.2.
Ly
YM 3
15.2 3445
= 0.000182
3
= 0.00001/°c
3 X 1000X100
A) (@) • A = A. x (It 2 2 st) AAR
π (3.002)2 = π (2.000)2
*x(1+2× 12 × 10" st)
9.612=9 × (1+ 24 × 10′′ st)
At
9.012-9
9x24 × 107 = $5.6*c
故此图應加热至
*=20+556 = 75-6 °C:
(b)當降低温度至,尤°C時,若图之内径等於 軸之直径,則此恰可由軸上滑出則
π1 (3.002)*x [ 1+ 2 dis (~75-6)]
=π (0) x 1+ 202 (x-20)] ̈ ̈
2
dis (t-756)=xe (x−20).
# t =
20 × 20 × 10′′ – 75-6 × 12× 10%
20X 10" - 12X 10th
-63.3**
解覲此團結体之横截面積為A,最初空氣.
压力数
大氣压
* $ $ v1 = 100 A (*)3.
X
覲缕整下降之高度為丘,亦即水銀下降息 高度為兄 此時圆柱体内空氣之体積蕊
V1 = (100-2) A
* * * p = (pv)/V2 =(JX 100A)[(100–£) Ą]
100/(100-l)
ff
100
P1 = # # 2.6 # + £***
13-6 × 780 x k
1.01% 10*
= 0.0132 +1
£ = 24.2 (14)
F比熱及潛熱填-
題
2.1 40 L 2 HA
+1
1. A 100 °C 2 300 x 10°C 200 Mi Zak q
若餉比然感0.05,則混合後送温度為
c之水160克,今以100 °C之銀100克,投入卡計中,若银之比熱為:0537 雙之比熱海:119,則水溫升高
*C.
3.基液体120克,盛入20克之銅器內熱至100% 然後放入0元銅卡計之水中水重300克其 ★★§ 13° 4 1 27.5′ c. I pq 2 = * * •[G] #. 液体之比熱為
4胥銀塊 10.205-
熱至1009°C;投入或水81.34 卡討中水湿自211009升至14971C卡計,攪 溫度計之家當量為2091莧則银之比熟:
5 17 % * 6 4 °C i * 800 % **
120 LEXANI &.
6.玻璃瓶水銀 1000克熱至100°C時,倒入10' °C之水500C究結累之湿度為1596ci則水 #2 ut &
7.掌童之游水與冰混合冰完全耀解後,其溫度
苏400°C之竣750克,放入冰卡計(ice calorie
meter) †, § 4 * 420 X, I] £ 2 tt
9 * i et c. 5o, * i * 80-10 °C之冰1磅與50°C之水機,混合後之結果
10.50ħ 2 + t
與冰备100克恶
压時之水蒸汽