育教僑華 頁一第張六第 日二初月二十年
-USRENCE 'IBRA-
-9 JAN 1970
170英文中學會考試題預習專欄
「堅道英文書院主編提
歷史科
HISTORY (10)
(十)
I. Account for the failure of the Taiping Rebellion.
The Taipings had remarkable success in their Bariy years. The Revolution first broke out in January, 1851. By autumn they settled at Yung-au and establisi d the new dynasty of "Tai Ping Tin Kuo" (or the Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace). In April 1852 they broke through the imperial forces and went north, fighting Bavagely and meeting little resistance from the imperial foroes. They swept on like wildfire, capturing city after city and acquiring cohorts at they want. They entered Nanking in March 1853 and made it their capital. It is remarkable that this march from Yung-an to Nanking took only 9 months.
However, this remarkable success atory was followed by a mixed record of ups and downs. from 1853 until the fall of Nanking in 1864, the Taipings made no real progress. In the first place, they failed to establish any sort of firm control over the territories that they had conquered. Secondly, they wet mors Betermined resistance of the Ching Court north of the Yangtze. The Taiping armies were also barassed by the unaccustomed cold of the North China winter. Moze important, during the meantime, the provincial araies led by Taeng Kuo-fan, Li Hung-Chang and Teo Taung-taxɛ, with the aim of crushing the Taiping rebela, weze building up their strength. They proved themselves batter trained, organized, led and disciplined then were the Taiping armies. As a result, the balance of power gradually changed in the favour of the Ching Dynasty. This military inferiority became mora distrinct after 1860 when the foreigners at Shanghai organized the later-called "Ever Vioterious Azay" and joined in the fight against the Taipinge. Finally, on 19 July 1864, Nanking foll to the forces of Tseng Kuo-fan and the Taiping Rebellion was put to an end.
Military inferiority, however, was not the only enswer to the downfall of the Taipings. More important than this, there were a number of political rea6018 that may account for their failure.
in the first place, the Taipings failed to establish an effective civil administion in their regions. They lacked qualified personnel to install as officials in the local magistracies. First and last, their forces entered 16 of the 18 provinces and captured some 600 walled cities, but they could not control and administer, sometimes aven keep what they conquered. In a word, the Taipings succeeded as a rebellion of as a military expedition but siled as government.
A
One of the results of this failure in administration, particularly in the countryside, was that the Taipings were unable to fulfill their early new and just distribution of land. And promises of a their blueprint for a new society was given effect only in the early years at Nanking and other cities of the Lower Yangtze region,
This in turn caused great discontent among the Taiping followers. Earlier, many people joined the Aray or supported it only with the hope that they might benefit from the promised land reform and thus
aoquire better living conditions. But what they actually got were starvation, poverty, and insecurity. Such conditions caused many to desert and thus weakened the strength of the Taiping Army.
WAH KIT
YAT 門
報日僑華
The Taipings were further weakened by internal disputes among the leaders. There were clashes over interests, struggles for power and disputes over policies,
which took forms in murdera and purges. In September,
1856, Hung Hein-Chuan got the Northern King (Wei Chang-hui) to aupasinate Yang Hsin-ching, the Eastern King, who was the second man among the Taipings and was then challenging Hung's superiority. This was followed by a bloody purge, in which tens of thousands of Yang's followers were killed. Hung Boon felt obliged to have Wei asasinated in turn. Thereupon, the Assistant King (Shih Ta-Kai) broke away and want to Szechwan. As a result, of the six original great leaders, only one - Hung himself - remained, and he had to oppoint mediocre relative to govern his Kingdom. The movement lost it spark, ita early austerity also gave way to profligacy and corruption. It is indeed not too much to say that the Taipinge in one sense destroyed themselves.
The Taipings also failed to enlist the support of the people. Their religious belief reduced very much the breadth of their appeal. Their anti-Manchu attack, which might have united many elements, was combined with attacks on Confucianism and the whole Bocial order of the day. It is just natural that the superstitious peasants could hardly agree to the destruction of temples and idols, or the eqalitarian programme of the Taipings. The destruction of their names, hunger, death, banditry added to their reasons of resntment, and caused them to support the anti- Taiping for oss of Tseng, Li, and Teo. There people, who represented in fact the whole class of Confucian scholar-gentry, were hostile to the Taipinge also mainly because of the horatic beliefs of the rebels. In fact, as Chinese, they would have felt greater Kinship with the Taipings than with the Manohu Court, but since they could hardly agree to the Taipings destruction of Chinese culture and traditions, they came to the side of the Ching Dynasty and organized opposition against the Taipings. The Taiping forces declined when they began to lose the support of the people and meet the opposition of the scholar-gantry, without any hope of reviving their vigour. And it is only because of this political background that military inferiority of the Taipings became a publem which could not be solved and which finally brought the whole Rebellion to ita downfall.
2. Outline the causes of the 1848 Revolution in
France.
When the French revolutionaries of 1830 faced The problem of de iding the future of France, some wished for a republic, but since this would invite the hostility of the powers of Europe, they finally resolved to invite the Duke of Orleans, member of a younger branch of the royal family, to become King. Thus Louis Philippe became King of France" by the grace of god and the will of the people",
It is important to note that Louis Philippa's accession to the throne was acquiesced in rather than welcomed by the mass of the people. He was chosen only because he was a member of the royal family and thus acceptable to the powers and yet seemed to be well-des posed towards liberal opinions. Louis
Philippe in fact never had any firm basis of support. Moreover, his supportera were neverunited is opiniona and policy. The progressive elements among the liberale hoped that a programme of democratic and social reform would be carried out at home, and that. abroad, France would pore as the champion of oppressed peoples, such as the Belgians and the Poles
were struggling for liberty. When Louis Philippe proved himself not so democratic as he first looked to be. and when the expected democratic reforms did
not come
into existence, tasse people were certain to become dissatisfied with the King and turned to become his opponents.
The Orleanist monarchy rested mainly on the support of the conservative elements of the bourgeoise. the well-to-do trading and manufacturing
classes. These people, opposed to any changes in the direction of democracy. They were the people who had the right to vote and therefore the access to political power, but they did not wish this power to be shared, especially by the working classes. It is true that this sector of people gave Louis Philippe more certain support but they were numerically small and unable to protect the King when the critical
moment came.
日九月一年〇上九-公年九十五國民華中 五期星
Since Louis Philippe tended to try to maintain the support of the middle-class and to rely solely on it, he from the first had to face the opposition of the working classes, who had helped to bring about the July Revolution and were disappointed with its results. During Louis Philippe's reign, the needs and the opinions of these people were constantly disregarded. France was passing through the Industrial Revolution, and the factory system, with its attendant evils of long hours, starvation wages, ana ohild labour, were being developed. The doctrine of Socialiam advocated by such men as Proud Won, Leroux and Loute Bianc, spread far and wide among the workers, who were discontented with their low wages and hard conditions of work, with the government, and with their exclusion from any share of political power.
and the LiDerBLB who Besides the working classes felt that they had been cheated in 1830, the King also had other definite enemies, There were the Legitiniste who naturally wished to reatore the Bombona, and the Bonsrpartists who revived the memory of the glories of the Napoleonic era. In this period, the "Napoleonio legend" came into existence. As the great Napoleon became more and more a memory, people tended to look at him through rose-coloured spertacles. They forgot the miseries he had inflicted on France, and only remembered the glory he had brought her. By contrast the Orleans monarchy seemed shabby and disreputable. The Bonarpartiste gained increasing support as the reign went on and the growth of the legend could not but emphasize the contrast between the present and the past.
Such contrast was partichlarly distinot in foreign matters since Louis Philippe preferred or cautions foreign policy to a vigorous one. He did not dare to arouse the suspicion and hostility of the poware, especially Britain, and on several occasions he drew back even at the cost of losing prestige at home and abroad. He withdrew the candidature of his son for the throne of Belgium; refused the liberale' demand of giving active support to the Polish and Italian revolutions, and withdrew his support to Mehemet Ali of Egypt in his war against the Sultan of Turkey when the latter got the support of other European powera. These and other failures were fully exploited by his opponents - especially by the Bonarpartists, Legitimista, liberals and Republicana.
During his reign of 18 years, Louis Philippe found himself faced by opposition from many quarters and there was a full record of disturbances. To these Louis Philippe relied with a policy of repression. He also bribed, directly and indirectly, the Deputies and electors so as to ensure the support of the
Chamber of Deputies. But, as the price for all theme, the King lost hie popularity. He had over estimated the support and reliability of the conservative middle-class and overlooked the strength and determination of his opponents. In his later years, "Reform banqueta" were instituted by those opposed the government, and one of these functions was forbidden in February, 1848. Rioting broke out an Paris, and troops sent against the people refused to fire. All opponents of Louis Philippe came to the trout, fighting broke out, and a republic wes called for. Louis Philippe, in face of the outbreak of the Revolution, at last passed into exile.
in a word, the Urieanist monarchy fell because it failed to win the approval of the nation. The power of Louis Philippe collapsed because he failed to meet met wishes of his people and he made no attempt to win more widespread support for his throne.
Questions for next week
1. Show how the rivalry between Japan and Russia in
the Far East éventually led to the Russo- Japanese War of 1904-05.
2. Tell the story of the unification of Germany from
1862 to 1871.
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