CITY HALL
}
育教僑華:頁三第張七第日九初月三年酉己夏 WAH KIU YAT PO
報日僑華
育僑華
文中學會考 試題預習
歷史科 (廿五)
佑青
HISTORY (25)
1. To what extent the Fourteen Points of President.
Wilson were applied in the peace Treaties?
When the Germans finally capitulated in November, 1918, it was on the understanding that the peace treaties after the war were to be based on President Wilson's Fourteen Foints. These points, issued as early as January, 1918, included most, if not all, of the principles for which the allies had been fighting. Chief among these were an end of secret diplomacy; reduction of armaments; restoration of Alsace-Lorraine to France; independence for the subject races of Austraa-Hungary; adjustment of the Italian frontiers in accordance with the principle of dationality; creation of an independent Poland with iccess to the seas adjuatment of colonial claims : absolute freedom of the seas in war and in pesce i svacuation of Belgium, Russia and Serbles autonomy for non-Turkish parts of the Turkish Empire; and the formation of an international organisation to secure the political independence of all states, large and small. Five treaties in all were concluded with the defeated countries, between 1919 to 1923,
919 to 19
When the treaties were finally completed for the vanquished countries to sig, they cried, with justification, that the Fourteen Points had not been applied. The idealism of Wilson was over- shadowed: by Clemeanceau's desire for revenge on Germany. He represented the determination of mas Frenchmen "iever to let it happen again" - never again to let the Germana invade the fair land of France. The representative of Great Britain, Lloyd' George, had won the general election on dramatic: promises of revengeful action against Germany. It was wrong and foolish of France, forgetting that she had been generously dealt with in 1815. It was still more go with England, to be hysterical in those months after the Armistice, but in both cases,
understandable.
The
The territorial and national changes in Europe suggested by the Fourteen Pointe: were mostly carried out. Alsace and Lorraine were only returned to France, and Germany agreed never again to raise this question, Independence was granted to the subject races of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, with the result that Austria was stripped of all of her non-German territories, and she became one-sixth her original size. Hungary was separated from her, and she was not allowed to enter into an alliance with Germany. without the approval of the Great Powers. The Poles in Galicia were incorporated into the new independent: Kingdom of Poland, which also included Upper Sileair from Germany, and the province of Posen, which was mainly Polish in population. This area of Fosen vas known as the "Polish Corridor" and gave Poland access) to the sea. The City of Danzig, at the head of the Corridor, was a free city under the control of the League of Nations. Austria also had to give up Bosnia and Herzegovina to the new state of Yugoslavia, which also included Serbia and Montenegro. Austria also gave up Bonemia and Moravia to the new independent state of Czechoslovakia. She restored the province of Istria to Italy, thus completing her national unification.
In the Turkish Empire, the territories in Europe were divided among the Balkan countries. The Turke retained Constantinople and a small strip of territory in Europe north of the Sea of Marmora. The whole of: the Turkish territory of Thrace was given to Greece, while Rumania gained Qransylvania, Bukowina and Bessarabia, Turkey was now limited to (those areas which were racially Turkish.
On the question of colonies, the German fcolonies in Africa, the Far East and the Pacific were (handed over to the Langue who tried to distribute
them fairly among Great Britain, France, Australia, New Zealand and Japan. Some of the colonies were imade into mandates, to be administered by the League This at least appeared better than the old
colonialism of grab, but only in some of the colonies] were the real wishes of the inhabitante considered, The evacuation of Russia and Belgium was carried out, but in the former gase, the situation was complicated. by the outbreak of civil was in Russia.
Although the peaoe treaties were imperfect and harsh, and did not adhere to the Fourteen Points, they did at any rate contain one hope for the future in thei form of the League of Nations. This, though not Wilson's own idea, was his greatest gift to Europe. More than any statesman, he was impressed with. the: necessity of avoiding a catastrophe similar to the onej just ended. Therefore, at his insistence, a scheme for an international body to safeguard the peace of the world was incorporated into the peace treaties, It was a device to increase international cooperation). and avoid war. Its headqu rters were at Geneva, and it also set up a body of laws expressing the obligatione of aach mamber, But from the very beginning of its establiahment there were serious. illnesses in the League which caused its failure in the end. The United States was never a member.. 38 Congress was fearful of involvement in European affaira, Thus without the membership of. the United States and the guiding spirit of Wilson, the Leagues became a more shadow of the institution Wilson intended,
The remaining pointe were either ignored or not, carried out. The first point of an end of secret diplomacy was abandoned by the conference from the start. Lloyd George refused to adopt the freedom of the high seas because it was against the interests of Britain. The question of disarmament was perhaps the most diffioult, for whereas the defeated countries were forcibly disarmed, very little. was done among the Great Povere themselves. Several disarmament conferences were held after the war, notably in Washington in 1921 and Geneva in 1932. At both these conferences the countries, showed themselves still wary of Laying down their arms. The bitter memories of the war were still too fresh in their minds for them to trust aach other totally,
The readiness of the victorious powers to adopt a policy of revenge as against a policy of generosity towards, a defeated enemy was to cost them dearly in the years to come. Germany, in particular, never reconciled herself to her defeat, and she Teaented the fact that she was made to; bear the entire burden of war guilt. She was humiliated to the fullest extent, saddled with an enormous indemnity with absolutely no means to pay it off and stripped of all defences. The discontent in Germany became a dangerous weapon in the hands of leaders like Hilter, who ruthlessly exploited this fact to their own advantage. The emergence of Hitler in Germany, and his demands for the restoration of Germany as a world power, threatened the international situation in the- 1930'e and ultimately led to a second life and death. struggle among the European countries.
2. What were the effects of the war upon Europe
between 1919 and 19393
The conclusion of the Great European War found Europe exhausted and impoverished. The m passione aroused by four years of bitter conflict were alow to dia down. Many problems remained unsettled, It was uncertain whether Germany would neekly subait to loss of territory and the payment of an enormous indemnity, or whether she would seize a favourable opportunity of repudiating the terms of peace and renewing the war. The governments of some European countries were threatened by the activities of communists. The relations of Russia with the rest of› Europe were not yet settled, Some years were yet to elapse before the final terms of peace with Turkey Vere even agreed upon.
In Germany, the abdication of the Kaiser William II was due to the complete collapse of his policy. A republic had been set up, and a constitution was drawm up for the country by National dasembly at Weimar, There was to be president elected by the people.
The end of the war found German middle classes] starving. a mutiny had broken out in the navy. There. were strikes in the country. Added to these problems was the allied demand for reparations, which had been set at the fantastic sum of £7 million. It was to be paid in 66 years in annual installments. The amount was to be secured on customs revenues and in other iways. The prospect of having to pay this enormous sun
was viewed with dismay in German, and in view of grave financial difficulties, the German governmen asked for a delay of two years before the payments. should begin. But the French declined to permit postponement, and they sent an army into thy
五期星 日五廿月四年九六九一屡公年八十五國民中
|industrial region of the Ruhr in 1923. Employera L
closed their factories and workmen went on strike in protest. It soon became clear, however, to the creditor nations that it was to thin interest to have the reparations question settled in such a way. that.trade and prosperity:might return.In 1924, the Dawes plan was set up by which the currency of Germany was placed under the control of the Repara- tionara "committee, whioh would decide the sum Germany. was able to pay each year. This was soon replaced by the Young Plan, whion modified the termaj of payment, while still maintaining. the overall amount of the reparations, Following the German acceptance of the Young Plan, the occupation arny was withdrawn.”
In 1925, the German foreign minister stresse- mann paved the way towarda better relations with the powers through signing the Locarno Treaties which guaranteed the western frontiera of Germany. France 1 and Germany became friendlier and Stressemann secured the acceptance of Germany into the League of Nations in 1926. Thus the years of 1924 to 1929 were a period of recovery for Germany and better inter- national relations all around.
In 1929, a colossal eponamic slump hit the whole world. It began in the U.S.A, with the callapsing prices on the Wall Street Stock Exchange, followed by unemployment, falling off of production, declining wages and general panic. This economic blizzard spread to Europe, and Germany was the hardest hit. In 1931 there were nearly 6 million unemployed in Germany. In these circumstances, social discontent and violence developed rapidly. There arose among the Germans, Adolf Hitler, a man with strong policy and purpose, who proposed a plan for ouring the ills of Germany, and her restoration to the status of a world power, In the general election
of: 1932, Hitler and bis Hazi party. were awept into Power, and he became Chancellor in 1933. His emergence darkened the international outlook, for he withdraw Germany from the League, reintroduced conscription, ordered the German army into the demilitarised Rhineland zoney armed his country to the teeth and j set up a vigorous campaign for the restoration of German colonies: Britain and France watched with apprehension as he tore up the articles of the Versailles treaty one by one, but were unwilling to intervene for fear of provoking a general war.
In Italy, a dictatorship had been ast up under Mussolini. Italy had been disappointed with the littl she had gained at the peace treaties. In ad ition she had been saddled with a war debt. Fer industries | were almost non-existent, and her agricultural methods. dated back to Roman days. In 1922, Mussolini and his Fascist party forced the king to make him the Prime y Minister, and he began to consolidate his power by destroying his political enemies. He them wrestled with the problems in Italy, and it was to his credit that he was able to restore some "semblance of order ∵and prosperity to the country. In 1935, he invaded
Abyssinia. The beague condmned his action and applied T sanction, but both Britain and France hesitated to carry out the decision of the League. The upshot was that most of the powers tacitly recognized the Italian conquest of Abyssinaia and Italy, angered at the League, left that boy in 1936.
The other countries in Europe were also plagued by disturbances. In Spain, civil war broke out in 1936. In Russia, there was also civil war which left the country. in chaos. At the end of the war, the Bolshevike were triumphant, and a communist regime: had been set up, Britain and France were suspicious of the new goverument, Hitler and Mussolini hated: communism, and refused to operate with it at first. But later, the western countries accorded the government grudging recognition.
Altogether the years after the war were not? peaceful ones for Europe, The tension did not: decrease. The League proved impotent in settlingi the disputes that arose among the powers, The demands of Hitler became more and more insistent and Europe gradually drifted towards war again. Questione for next week 2.
1. Explain the rise of Hitler and the Nazi Barty in]
"Germany.
(2. How do you account for
Italy?
華金都麗*華光眞
帮y
rise of fasciRs.10]
門樂百
點點
弟兄賊
FAR ARE WERE FRIEND
妻元狀婿夫花探
棚爆 十四 早請天今 脾两朗士查狄阿 空臣布里龍倫 REPUERPERMESS
延勿ㄊㄨㄢˋ映展
ㄅㄨㄅㄨ
斯麗
場
映献天气
文中上片,彩七翼瑰部全片米
界世的愛
MISUNDERST GUB |
人闖快明弟賊瑰伟行砚人賊
名歌艷華任點早今 片唱和迷剩四二天
规格:西平虎三開業戰尖
星際六西拉史安 ∵蒙格提東
諾·諾葵 哥路
早點
是
血晴 戰天
浴
正摩夫尼學
花
电到二十天子
二元季選四價
堂私人客: 滿間滿: 劍羅·芬齡芳 邮難妹業服
新三小天鹅
常盤探殺奇彩氏
機
荒山俠女
子|花
*裸*
痕屍
主丁丁陳
淇紅瀾厚
臺舉利
邦聯
台舞大港香
片霧觸映選早命 製耳史壓彩七较古氏邵
塲
夜夜水
楽快
湖
三武風放刨 片俠格興映日
映首天今
運機 海
綠華永
|障延崇惠 案艷淋水
城里半點子
∵股傳故
烈竹大面實
̇時感
旗收(正二十)晚于
臣素文
濛濛雨烟
已妲餅
島繩冲戰血
虎脂胭務特流風
色春堂蒲
妹三十
塲别特天每
皇 后
街
市
魂貞火戰:演才英張。阪,林
百打波激七 片門饮烈彩
蟹座收察、六期)從明
孩主平安,弦了 游宇自
美艇蘇馬
演主。奎妮金;亲影開
健康牛點二十
唐劍打彩條今
彌座收廠(日期品)晚後
Tut
王劍代絕
完獴資 孤肉
̇點 路璜 俠片大七公
·恩黑片彩缺明 仇侠
打
半點二十場早
九點-十塲夜午
戀之兒特模 刀劍淋∵实瀾迅宗素:文冲張
撒克齕
贈品栩金
片彩史滕氏郁期下
胶 秘宋
趣史宫
teddy girls
後一欣
有賞
雞蛋
重映啓事
一有迫切爾岚必要。
·電影,懇請萬勿過,
你是一件偶然的。 後天重映,猳此致謝。 影。我們會用信無衛說,「飛女正傳」此一部雅格共賞的優秀香酒 片的觀衆呼籲:「飛女正傳」是一部很有份量的,不容錯過的好可
·最後,我們點向廣大劍衆咪蝕,使向一季熱愛電影而忽诮些類
。連日來,對熱面爾交融,要幫我院食映術片,算他向制者有機會
·今得榮業公司合作,將日益交外埠的拷貝浪卿, 以便我院等 欣賞,而日准者亦得一看再发機會。爲此:我們深感到「飛女正傳 在枣龄片的逐低潮之中,而能够創下這個可喜的質房宇斯,當然不 由於片約關係,雖然「飛女正傳」安座正旺,也許得换映他片 「燕女正傳」在两鸿公演期內,創下8756,000.00 榫埌祀錄。
油麻地,向警