GALL
背裝備事
VERBAN
一名七初月四年 ·申戊魁互
0768
育教僑華
(廿七)
History (27)
英文中學會方預켭誾
歷史科
,依帆、
1. In what diruation did aggression sucomed in the
years 1933 to 1939?
The period between the two World Wars was ona of uneasy peace in Europe, and fighting continued in several places until 1923. In Russia, thera wae civil war between the Whites and the Reds of the Bolshevik government. The Turks fought against the Greeks in an effort to reguắn some of the land lost to them by treaty: and the Romanians plundered the Hungarians. In Italy, dissatisfaction with her gains had led to a ware of unrest, and in Germany, several economie crises had increased the sufferings of her population. But in the midst of this chaos, strong leaders arose to lead their countries bút of misery, the most notable among them befig Hitler of Germany, Mussolini of Italy, and Lanin of Russia. All three were able to stabilize their countries by the early thirties, although in all three dates, this had been achieved at considerable cost to the liberty of the peoples.
That all was not well in the world soon became apparent. In the Far East, the growing ambitions of japan had caused her to invade Manshuria and sat up the puppet state of Manchukuo under the deposed Ching Emperor Henry Pu Ti, The unanimoun condeunation of the League of Nations, of which both Japan and China were members, failed to deter her, and she set the example of resigning altogether from that body, Thereafter, from 1933 to 1939, she continued with her aggression of China, gaining control of most of the strategic areas, until the *Chins Incident' became part of the Second World war,
Japan's example was soon followed by Germany. By this time Hitler had come to power an a programme of revenge against the enemies of Germany, He aland at the restoration of Gem any an ́a. Grunt. power, and the destruction of the Versailles Treaty. In 1933, he ammowaed himself tired of allies' bochum pr'ondans of disarmament, marebed Germany out of the Leagus, reintroduced conscription (1935), ordered the German army into the demilitarized Rhineland Zone (1936) amd set up « vigorous campaign for the restoration of German colonies, England and France watched his tear up he Versailles Treaty term by tern, unwilling to
top him for Isar of provoking another-general-
var, and at heart, unable to deny the right of many of his sotions. Thus Hitler was able to carry on with his expansion in other European ountries, knowing that France and England would not stand in his way.
In 1935, the world was faced with another arisis in the form of the Italian invasion of Abyssinia, The League amplied sunation, but this uns never wholeheartedly executed; Mussolini let it be imown that any attempt to stop him would be regarded as tantamount to a declaration of war, and against ängland and Francs balond down. “Italy became so intensed at the attitude of the League that she too left it in 1936.
The international atmosposrs rurtner darkened in the year 1938. Having been anocessful' so far, Hitler decided to risk going a step further. In the spring of that year, ha asrched-hia newly formed troops Into Austria, and at onse dealarad it marged into the German Empire, the Reich. This outright flouting of the Versailles Treaty drew
storm of protest from England and France, but these two, comtries were in no position to take positive action. A few months later, Hitler „suddenly demanded that the Germans living in the
Sudetenland region of Grachoslovákia should be Incorporated into the Reich. It was at this point that England decided not to let Hitler go any further, and the Prim Minister Neville Chamberlain flew to Huni ch for a personal omsultation with Hitler. The result of this momentous meeting was the Munich agreement, by which Hitler annouriged
has intentions or milog no further demanda than the Sudetenland areas. The relief Europe flat ab the Munich Agroemmat van great, and there was general feeling that the war had been averted. But there wire sàveral quarters in both England and „Franos who realised that Hitler had no intentions of abiding by this agreement,
Six months later in 1938, Hitler made the sext sows. He invaded Grechoslovakia itself, and at one shot, Mined also Bohemia, Moravia, to say nothing of the completa Csech air foros, military ́equipment' and the vital Skoda munitions worki At about the same time, ha a iso seized Kemel from Lithuania,
Chamberlain was furions at Hitler för having broken the předges given personally to himself, and hé discarded his policy of appeasement in favour of one aland at checking Germin expansion. The British government offered guarantees of help in case of attack to Poland, Romants and Greeas. Hitler comtered by making the Rowa-Berlin Axis firm military alliaños, and this was extended £nclude `Japan, England and Frenos strove to
at an agreement with Bussia 'te resint ression, But the negotiations with
on all through the fumar of 1939, France, and Högland usen natoŭrided Germany, arid ÷Esamadà - had ́amažused a
past. It was then that they realized,
{was "Lost," arid that the world waa' ther ostastrophe. In September, ed-the- returns, of
WAH KIU YAT PO
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Polish Gorriaor, and giving no opportunity for the Poles to reply, invaded that country. England and France immediately despatched ultimatum to Germany, demanding the withdrawal of the German troops from Poland. When no answer came, England and France declared war on Germy",
2. Show how the Peace of Versailles amplated the
overthrow of the settlement made at the Congress of, Vienna.
A comparison of the Congress of Vienna and the Peace of Versailles la almost inevitable, for both were events of great magnitude, affecting the lives of the peoples they dealt with for years to come, In both cases, they were meetings of the most brilliant statesmen oroved to be shortsighted, and ignored many of the most important contemporary ideas.
During the hundred odd years between 1815 and 1919, marty changes had been wrought in the map of Europe. Although the Congress of Vierna tried to stifle the ideas of nationalism and liberalism, this had not been successful, and the years indiately following 1815 witnessed the struggles of many European nations to be free of the yoke isposed on them by reactionary ideas such as the Divine Rights of Kings. From 1830 to 1870, new countries were continually being set up, în spita of the efforts of Metternich tô maintain the settlement as it was arrived at in Vienna, Belgium had declared herself independent of Holland in 1830; so bad Greece been set frea of Turkay in 1832. The widespread disturbances in Europe in 1848 were attempts mada by the still enslaved nations to set up governments of their own based on the beat ideas of the French Revolution. The German Liberals at Frankfurt tried to unify the 39 states of the Germanie Confederation; the Italians under Charles Albert of Piedimont-Sardinia tried to rid italy of Austrian influance, and even the Empire of Metternich himsålf was not fren from nationalistio movements. In 1848, Hungary succeeded to declare itself an independent republic, free from Austria. Although these movements failed, yet that served to point out "the mistaken muda ut. Vierinia, whon nationalism was ignored. After many trials and tribulations, Italy and Germany united themselves (in 1861 and 1871 respectively), Germany,
sapnatally, then became a power to be reckoned Akropsan politics from that time cowarda,
The smaller countries in the Balkans were Likewise influenced by the prevailing ideas of the 19th century. There, the Turks, who had held sway since the 15th century, lost their Empire in Europe, The Greeks became independent in 1932, Serbia in 1856; Roumania was formed. from the. principalities of Wallachia and Koldavia and became independent in 1861, Bulgaria was created at the Congress of Earlin in 1878. By the beginning of the 20th century, the Turkish Empire in Burope bed opaded to exist.
tad given way to a
There were other guanges in the "dountries In Burope. In France, the republic which had been ollos arter har defeat et the hands of the Germans in 1871. Although this Third Republic faced numerous difficulties at its birth, yet it lasted longer than any other government in France, and survived until the beginning of the Great War. If Metternich had been alive, he would never have allowed this, and would have sent the Austrian aruïek into France to put down the Republic, The Austrian and Russian Empires alone remained stubborn against all cranges. and even well into the early 20th century, Vienna still lorded it over thirteen different recoa. Russia was more medieval than modern.
五期星
日三月五年八六九一鹰公年七十五国民
(接第六張第二頁)
1968
【題額習等調
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LIBRA
Throughout the 19th century, the Industrial Revolution had caused the governments of Europe change their belicies. With the demand for rav ma terizia, new marketa and
aples, they had begun to look beyond the continental limits of Europe for new lands to conquer. As early as 1815, England had been the pioneer in this movement when she asked for as compensation, lands outside Europe. This had been the beginning of the British Baptre, Slowly, she had gained control of vast areas in Africa and the Far East, and the other European powers were not slow to follow. Soon conflicte arose among them, and it was Ébt aurarising that one of the reasons for the Greet
War was this quarrel over empires,
The above shanges were aphlavad over a period of years, but they culminated in the peace settlement arranged at Versailles in 1919. It seemed that the stateamon at forsailles had learnt their lessons well, and they were wise in giving dus attention to nationalistic feelings, Three new states were set up by Versailles, all aimed at gathering together people of the same race, religion, austoms and language. The Poles, who had been so shamefully divided throughout the 19th century, were at last, given the right to set up a sovereign state of their om from territory which had formarly belonged to Germany, Austria and Russia. The Czecha and Slovake were incorporated
into the free republic of Czechoslovakia; and the Balkan states of Bosnia, Herzegovina, Montenegro and Serbia were joined into Yugoslavia. The Baltic republice of Finland, Lithuania, Esthonia and Latvia appeared, New Arab states, freed from Turkish control, were set up in the Bear East- Alsses and Lorraine, which were french in population and character, were returned to France, while the areas of Trent, Trieste and Istria, inhabited mostly by Italians, were returned to Italy. This recognition of the spirit of nationalism was further carried out in the Mandata system, lät up under the League of Nations, By this, former colonies of defeated opustries were placed under a proteating power, bus who would rule them with the ultimte independenes of the natione in
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the Congress of Vienna, the statesmen had púslizad the importance of concerted action when dealing with the problems of the world, Thus they had sur up the Congress System, whose sim was to maintain peace in Europe. Unfortunataly, the Congress System consisted of only the four Great Powers – în Europe as they then existed: England, Austria, Russia, Prussia and läter on France. None of the smaller countries was represented. Thus the decisions of the Congress System ignored the vicere of the smaller nations, and the latter aāma" to regard it at a league of tyrants for the suppression of liberty. At Versailles, a similar body of cooperation was set up--the League of Nations. All countries, big and all, sere invited to join, had all were given equal voice in the decisions. Even the defeated countries of Germany and Russia ware represented in the League, Although the -United States was never a member of her own choise, The League attempted to settle disputes by arbitration, but it also dealt with social problems, It strove to improve labour and health conditions throughout the world. The League was truly international in character.
11 in all, the Europe of 1919 was matly different from the Europe of 1815, the most prominent changes being in Central and South Kastern Europe. The common man of 1919 seemed to be better off than his predecessor, although he had just lived through the greatest catastrophe' la the history sử mankind. After all, hadn't the pääkisians promised kim that the Great War Wes "the war to and all waPO"?
Questions Fla part meli
1. What were the sausas, of the Russo-Japanese... May“ 1902-1905, and what were ita offerta oỹ the internal affairs of Russia?
2. What were the main causes of the first nusSLAM.
Revolution af February, 19171