13 APR 1968
1968
教育僑糖
-#### CITY BAXLETORKI
中學會試題預習専欄
歷史科 (廿四)
·依帆。
History (24)
1. Qutline the Peace Settlement of 1919. How far
were the needs of future unrest awn by this Settlement?
The Great war ended with the defeat or the Central Powers, and Germany, who held out the longest finally surrendered to the Allies on November 11, 1918. The delegates from nations who had taken part in the War met at Versailles in June 1919 to draw up the peace treaties. Separate treaties were signed with the defeated countries, the most important being the Treaty of Versailles with Germany. The Treaty of St. Germain was concluded with Austria (1919), of Trianon with Hungary (1920) and of Neuilly (1919) with Bulgaria. Turkey was dealt with by the Treaty of Sevras (1920) the terms later being revised in the Treaty of Lausanne (1923).
The Versailles Conference was dominated from start to finish by three outstanding personalities. President Woodrow Wilson of the United States; Lloyd George, Prime Minister of Great Britain, and Clemenceau, Prime Minister of France. The Peace of Versailles was in the main the work of these three statesman. They had a difficult task. They had to deal with enormous problems, such as the racial complications of Central and mastern Europe, and the question of reparacions. And they bad to work in an atmosphere which had been poisoned by four long years of bitter struggle. There were many cries of "Hang the Kaiser" and "Make Germany pay", and it was the job of the Big Three to draw up an appropriate settlement. In this they were guided to a certain extent by the Fourteen Points proposed by Wilson. However the idealism of wilson was soon overshadowed by the extreme demands for revenge of Clemenceau,
The Treaty of Versailles declared Germany guilty of provoking the war. She was to pay almost 87 thousand dillion to be paid in annual installments; part to be paid in ships, coal, chemicals, dyestuff and cattle. She had to support. AD allied army of occupation, and the Rhineland was demilitarized. She was entirely disarmed: "he army was reduced to 100,000 men and conscription was forbidden. Her navy was reduced to a skeleton fleet. In Europe, she returned Alsace and Lorraine to France, Silesia, the area of Posen, mostly Polish in population, and West Prussia, were given to Boland to form an outlet to the
city of Danzig at the head-
Conte vs to become an internat
of this
der the league of Nations, The jaar Valley,
ant coal producing area, was placed the League for 15 years, after which a site would be held to decide its future,
ireceived part of Schleswig, which was most is in Population. German colonies were to be stered by the league, which distributed them ually among Great Britain, France, Japan, Australia and New Zealand.
By the Treaty of St. Germain with Austria, she was forbidden to enter into any union with Germany, unless with the approval of the powers. Her aray was reduced to 30,000 men and she was to pay part of the reparations. She had to relinguish those parts of her empire which were not racially Austrian. Thus she ceded Bosnia and Herregovina which joined with Serbia and Montenegro to form the new state of Yugoslavia Bohemia, Moravia and part of Silesia to, Czechoslovakia, Galicia became part of Poland, and she also ceded Istria and South Tyrol to Italy, Gone, were the days when Austria ruled over thirteen différent races, and she was stripped of all territory except the purely German part of her
Austria was reduced to a second-rete power,
her total population was only 6 million, two and "her". million of which lived in Vienna, The Treaty of Trianon with Hungary stipulated that she cede Croatia to Yugoslavia and Transylvania té Roumania. Hungary and Austria were separated and the Dual Monarchy came to an end.”
By the Treaty of Neuilly, Bulgaria ceded land on her western fnontier to Yugoslavia, and western Thrace to Greece. This deprived her of her outlet into the Aegean Sea and she was thus limited to the Black Sea. The Treaty of Sevres was useless since the Turkish government that signed it was 8000 overthrown. But the new government concluded the Treaty of Lausanne with the victors in 1923. The Turks were allowed to retain Adrianople and a small strip of territory north of the Sea of Marmora, Turkish Thrace was ceded to Greece, while koumardia, gained Transylvania and Besserabda.
osing and Iraq became League of Nations
administered by Britain while Syria was ague mandate administered by France. In North
zypt and the Sudan became fully Independent of Turkey but under British protection.
In the Baltic, Finland, Lithuania, Esthonia and latvia all gained there independence from Kusaja.
The settlement effected by the Peace of Les was thus of the most far reaching
Former politica boundaries were
cter.
defeated
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WAN кти TAT
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required to disarm, Some criticism which has been:
directed against the settlement is, no doubt.
deserved. Germany had surrendered on the
understanding that bilson's Fourteen Points would
be embodied in the peace treaties, but the Fourteen Points were not followed. Germany complained that she had not been fairly dealt with, with some
justification. She was made to bear the whole responsibility for the war, and the indemity
imposed on her was as heavy as the allies could, make it with any hope of payment. She was,
however, in no position to pay as she had lost all her colonies and several of her beat
industrial districts such as Alsace – Lorraine to France and the Saar Valley to the League.Her territory had been reduced, and East Prussia was now separated from the rest of Germany by the Polish Corridor. She never recognized the
international status of the city of Danzig as it Nas populated largely by Garmana. There were other Germans living under alien rule, such as those in the Sudetenland in Czechoslovaka, in upper Silesia in Poland, and in Merel in Lithuania. The Treaty of Versailles showed the vindictive attitude of the victors towards the vanquished, and future trouble, particularly from Germany, was inevitable. The powers were to pay for this deliberate humiliation of Germany.
But if criticism 18 levelted at the SELLIE Ment. praise must also be given to the efforts of the powers in the establishment of a League of Nations for the preservation of the peace of the world. The war had been called "a war to end war", and though the critics of the peace used the phrase ironically in calling attention to the flaws in the seitlement, it sh uld be remembered that a definite organization was brought into existence to deal with conflicts that might arise in the future. Although the new organization failed in its task, yet credit must be given to the sincerity of the nowers in
their attemot
ot to arrange for the International dis-utes in the future on the principles of ason end just
stice.
Explain the machinery of the League of Nations. What were Its Weaknesses?
settlement
The European war of 1914 - 1918 Was or egnitude, its casualties so heavy and the economic disturbances caused by it were so profound that European statesmen felt it was their sacred duty to prevent a repetition of such a calamity. The idea of setting up a definite organization for the preservation of world peace had been brought forward in President Wilson's Fourteen Points
the establishment of
Included in the
ident nations of
membership to a
Just such an
Peace of Ve
the world:
It's heag
tradition
The m Assembly,
was to consis
AKIMIT OF itzerland, a
guo ware to be an Secretariat. The Assembly entatives of all member
states who had only one vote each. All important questions were to be referred to this body, which was to meet every year in Geneva, usually in September. The Council was to consist of the permanent representatives of each of the flue
Actorious Great Powers - Britain, France, Italy,
IBR
the United States and Japan. The smaller powers would be represented in the Council in rotation. THE council was to meet three times a year, and could be called together in emergencies. The Secretariat was a permanent staff of officials which carried out the routine work of the League,
It was realized by those who joined the League that disputes must arise between nations, and if they were to be settled peacefully, some means of dealing with them must be devised. At the first session of the Assembly it was decided to establish a Permanent Court of Justice at the Hague, and a number of judges was appointed to it. Disputes between nations might be referred to the Court for settlement in accordance with the principles of international law, and with the "provisions of treaties existing between the parties
to the dispute,
There was one other body whose activities. were affiliated to those of the League. The International Labour Organization attempted to improve the conditions of workers throughout the world. & labour Conference was held each year to which every nation sent four delegates representing the government, the emplayers, and the employees.
The Lonterencs might propose legislation on labour ↳ to the various governments. The right of workingmen's union, the 8 hour day, prohibition or child labour and wages sufficient to maintain a reasonable standard of living were principles by which the Labour Conference was guided.
The obligations of each member were enshrined in the Covenant of the League. Every member promised to respect the boundaries and independence of every other state. If a dispute should arise between members of thw League, they had to submit the case to arbitration by the World Court, and they were not to declare war until three months after the deedsion of this court. Should a member refuse to submit to the decision of the Court and go to war, it was deemed to have committed an act of war against all the other members, and would at once be debarred from all trade and financial
with them. This was
the future the text of to
五期
日二十月四年八六九一层公年七十五國民基中
攷會學中文中
排場及時
中安試間
百五千八生攷·行舉旬下月下
修訂會考規則 後果面臨考驗 不及格界,來 吳不降壓。無需之,仍保持一貫者。, ITLUPAINEE - HERTET 例,此就給分方法,是否仍智用此級數,切术 而分級至款,今珽政府只定伯泄會將在 分七紙給分,由一級至第七級,白液迎 5 過十科。至於糍方面,過去中空巾學會考 出在做考時,規定供一考生应科目,不能超 音樂,工業繪吼,表,隨記,打定學科。考
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NEETEKINKS-FCERET NA KU 今年參加中文中學會考的學校,共有八十
至六月廿一日然後完就。不過,有關此項考試 奉行,正科考試則在六月七日起開书,一假彩 棄集中,預科專門科目考試,將在五月下旬 【特訊〕本年度中女中學會考已在當局加 ,取消以往之及林與 PEN
情形怎樣,你好爲壞,都圓筒正面臨考險中。 至於教育界人士對此才會坐制度之修改,能仍多。而今後工在鼻梁上之影响及其將來外部就棠之
日及運得之饰第,艾将以如何循此能否升厚过很宜就何業的穿媽?仍然存胚映。 此文憑,便可以作爲升崦 冷菜之一項丽丽祧牒,而今後會旁,舰一桿阿瑟有致育镣,照在判者中所考科 REDEKSPTELI NUN-ONESE- ***-****AE-EEBER-T
預料,今宿#试考生之精將要比擺次輕鬆一些,惟是,有等考生,艾就將來持有此「致育牴書」,對 等第。亦因爲一夜都有激育證書之發給,故一 大的好處,常有中會考檢,均有說 08-20 TE ONDERLISEN
to obtain numane
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countries, and to entrust the League with control of measures against disease, slavery and the opium trade. The League also administered mandated territories through a mandatory power, whose duty was to rule with the benefit and the ultimate independênce of the nativas in mind. These mandates were territories which had beez captured by the allies such as the German colonies in Africa or parts of the Turkish Empire. These territories were not restored to their former owners, but placed under the protection of one or the Great Powers, who had to give an account of i stewardship to the league of Nations. Thus Palestine became a mandate of Great Britain and Syria a mandate of France.
Valuable work was done by the league in some directions. The influence of the League was used for the suppression of slavery and the traffic in dangerous drugs. Technical commissions dealt with international communications, finance, economic problems and public health. The League kas able to settle a dispute between Greece and Italy in 1923 and Greece and Bulgaria in 1925: The League organized repatriation of displaced persons and refugees in Europe. It raised Loans. from its members to aasist the economic recovery of Austria Hungary and Bul
and Bulgaria, But in many m
resseats, the League failed to attain 128 - objectives. It failed to settle the question of disar ment, although two Conferences were held, in 1923 and again in 1932. If failed to come to a satisfactory solution over Japan's aggression of China in the 1930's and although it condemed the Italian invasion of Abyssinis in 1935 and applied sanction on the offending country, yet this was generally ignored by the member countries. Both Japan and Italy left the league in 1933 and 1936 respectivelyi
must be
The later nistory wa vue League 19 a tale of hesitancy half-hearted action and declining prestige. For this several resSONS suggested. In the first place, the League was based upon an idealism for which the waråd was not ready. The idea of a world brotherhood was noble and praisworthy but whenever these ideals conflicted with national interests, they were brushed aside. The cry of "national honour" was treated at sufficient ground for disregarding the most solemn international agreements.
Ine League was rurzner weakened by the with- drawal or non-participation of several great powers. Although the idea of the League had. first been a suggested by President Wilson, the United States was not a member. The American Congress wished to abide by 'the Monroe Doctrine and remain aloor from Eurbbean affairs. Germany, being a defeated country, was not admitted until 1925, Russia until 1934 Thus in the first years of its life, when it asedad support most, three major powera were not members, The League was further weakened by the withdrawa) of Japan and Italy, and aside from Great Britain and France, the member nations were mainly minor powers. Member nations were reluctant to act up to their obligations. In times of crises they were unwelling to apply sanctions on countries with whom they had long been in Alliance. The League had no means of enforcing its decisions as it lacked police and military forces, and great powers often simply ignored the League whenever its decisions conflicted with their national interests. It coulo only compel small countries to keep the peace as In the case of Greece and Bulgaria, but i hesitated to act against the great powers such as Japan and Italy.
Une ather reason for the League's fallure was in the very character of the peace settlement itself. Its harshness and vindictiveness towards the defeated powers was bound to engender future
roblems with which the League was ill-equipped to deal. Statesmen and common people alike lost. faith in the League and the outbreak of the great war in 1939 was the mark of its final failure.
questions, for next week:
1. To what extent the fourteen Points of President
Wilson were applied in the Peace Treaties? What were the effects of the war upon Europe between 1919 and 19397
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