真三第追三第
日八十月正年申戊心喜
WAH KIU YAT PO 報 白
菠僑榮
1163英文中學會考試題預習專欄
歷史科 (十六)
·依帆
#istory (16)
Descrice events in Japan between 1853 and 1968. Then> explain how the weaknesses of the Tokugawa led zo itheir overthorn,
1853 and 1854 were momentous years in the history of Japan. It was in these twợ years that'sħal smo first forced to realize that her policy of seclusion adopted since 1636 was no longer ad #law one. Western nations were beckoning at her door, and try though she might to keep herself barricaded in her island strongholda, yet events taking place inside her and around her sade a change not only (practical but necessary to her survival.
The country responsible for the opening of Japan) wag the United States. By the middle of the 19th century. the United States had grown into a powerful nation, and her wha ling industry, in particular, was becoming more prosperous. Her whaling fleets spanned the Pacific Ocean, but often, ships were wracked by storms at sea. If the sailors had the misfortune Lo be cast onto Japanese shores, they were captured, put into eages and exhibited to the populace. Ownerej of the whaling fleste appealed to the American government to persuade the Japanese not to mistress; their sailors. This, coupled with a desire for trade with the Japanese, and a need of mid-Paciƒ...... supply bases for the steamshipe, induced Congress to send Commodore Matthew C. Parry to Japan with a messago. The Americana asked the Japanese to open parts to trade; that an American Consul be allowed to reside in these porta, and diplomatic relations · be established between the two countries, Perry arrived in Edo in 1853 with a squadron of à sarsa1pe and presented his requests to the Tokugawa Shogun Ferry sailed away almost immediately, promising t ratura the next year for the Shogım'a answer.
The Shogun was in a difficult position. On one hand he realized that to turn down the American would place Japan in danger of attack from a far superior country. But he also understood tha Japanese · people's wish to keep the foreigners out of their nativyland. Be referred the problem to the Emperor, and in so doing, he showed his weaknes n., for he dared not take sole responsibility of allowing foreigners into Japan. The Emperor and dafayos were no in favour of foreigners in Japauks
as added that war must be avoided at all costs.
In 1854, Perry returned with a squadron of te warships. The Shogun could do nothing but accept the American demanda. In that year, the Treaty of Kanagawa was concluded between the Shogun and the United States. Two ports, Shimoda and Hakodate wers opened to the Americana. à consul was to reside in Shimoda. Trade was to be carried out between the two countries, diplomatic relations to be established, and Perry also secured the moo favoured nation treatment.
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The Americans had for owu wpen vapan-❤ GOʊr”, and other heatern nations were got slow to follow. Between 1854-1855, Brig land, Holland and Russia also obtained similar privileges from the Japanese. Japan could no longer runs in aloof from the hastera world.
Pekka á URTE UVELJws at JILLIKARA
(7
The T fownsend Harris who aimed at establishing more satisfactory relations with the Shogun. In 1858
the news that China tad been defeated in th.. Second Anglo-Chinese kar, and the Japanese were frightened into agresing to granting more privileges to the Americans la 1858, the narris treaty was signed by which diplomatic relations between Japan and the United States were set up. More porta were opened, the 0.5, was also
granted the right of extraterritoriality, a fixed tariff sytem and the most-favoured nation treatment. T.. Navy was also allowed to set up supply depota in Yokohama, Hakodate and Nagasaki. Later, in the same year, similar privileges were granted to Holland, Russia, Britain and France.
The Emperor refused to ratify the treaties and a wave of anti-forsiæ feeling swept Jacen. The
powerful western cians of Satauma and Chosnu supported the Emperor's policy against the shogun. Foreigners in Japan were attacked. In 1862, an Englishman, Richardson, on holiday in Yokohama frut Hong Kong, was murdered by Satsuma mea in Yokohama
The British demanded compensation o the punishment of those responsible.
At the height of this wave of anti-roreig feeling, the Emperor ordered the Shogun to expel the westerners. When the weak Shogun was unable to do go.
the Satsune and Chosku clans took matters into their own hands. la 1863, the Chosku forts an Shimonoseki fired on foreign warships, but the fire was returned. The Satsuma fort of Kagoshima sas also bombarded and in 1865, an allied naval expedition sailed into Osaka to demonstrate strength for the benefit of the Japanese. In face of this show of western might, the Emperor was at Last persuaded to ratify the treaties.
The weakness shown by the Shogunate in their inability to keep the foreigners out of Japan proved fatal to the already declining Tekugawa.... Their enemies particularly the Satsuma and Choshu clans, were determined to destroy the ShoguNGES completely and restore power to the Kaperor. In 1867. whan the Shogun failed to suppress the cla
who were battling for the Emperor's favour, ne at last persuaded to resign. Thus ended the
CITY HALLI
Tokugawa Shogunate after 264 years of usurpation of] the Emperor's powera. in 1867, the young Emperor Meiji ascended to the throne, marking the beginni of a perois of great change for Japan. Meiji's rule was to be an "anlightened" one, and in 1868, by the Charter Catb, the Emperor promised solemnly that he would do away with the evils of the past, and build Japan inte a streng nation based op western) standards.
2. What do you understami by the Eastern Question? What was the Power's attitude towards this from +1823-184.27
European statesmen in the 19th century faced with a group of problems arising from the decay of the Turkish Empire. From the lath to the; 17th century, the Ottoman Turks had built up by koreadtting conquest a vast Empire which at ita tenith covered the Mediterranean Sea. Is 1453, Constantinople had been captured, and millions or Greeks, Garbs, Bulgariana, Albanians, Rumaniana } and other ainority reces in the Balkans fall. captive to the Turks. During the 18th century, Turkish Empire declined. The central government was' so weak that it was unable to control its provinces, This gave rise to a movement for independence asong the subject nationalities'of the Turkish Empire. Throughout the 19th century, there were struggles among the Balkan Christians to free themselves from the Mohammedan Turks, and this þægether with the diverse ambitions of such Europame countries ea England, Austria, Russia and France, constitutą the complexities of the problem known na the Austen wuestion.
In general, certain trends in the attitude of the European powers could be clearly discerned. Any attempt by Russia to champion the cause of the oporessed peoples in the south-east of Europe wad, viewed with suspicion by England. Je long as Bussia was willing to tőke up arts en behalf o Balkan Christians, her every move as regarded by che Kurepean statesion aa osana je secure an catley to be Mediterrance:08 and they were prepared to support the Turkish chaira af a barrier against Kusafan ddvance,
The first phase of this problem began with the outbreak of the Greek revolt in 1821. The "Ürseks, like other subjects of the Turks, werd
eppressed by heavy taxation and brutal treat With the decline of Turkish power, there was
revival in the Greek national spirit, and a
langing for independence arose. La 1821 the to,
waised a revolt in the Mores, and the Turks were
nataliated in the
“Oympathy was arousedi Wention on behalf of hele-back by
BUCCESSFULly routed, Amassacre DI we 好吧 was carried out, and the same savage fashi and Alexander the Greeka, Metternich, for the holy must not "as
Hirstly, the 411 of Egypt
and Mahamat All T
former la fonduess “Sunded him that he
But in 1825, two
Che gloture completely. kis vassal Menemet
the rebellions Greeks, afiim-Fasna, carried out.
a aystemstit massabre of the Greeks. Secondly, Alexander was succeeded by Nicholas I who was
q
.
setermined to assist his fellow Christians. England. also interfered, with the object of controlling fussia, lest the latter anould gaia influence in tre Balkans. By a general European treaty concluded at London in 1827, England, Russia and France agreed shat Greece should be independent though under Nurkish overlordship. when the sultan refused to #ncept this, a combined Anglo-tussian force destroyes sine Turkish and Egyptian flesta at Navarino Bay Russia went a step further and declared war on Turkey in 1828, and a Russian army marched towards: Constantinople. The Sultan was compelled to give
la, and by” • Treaty of Adrianeple, 1829, Greece yang recognized as independent but under Turkish“ overlordship. But deuk-independent Greece warlam
give Russia göre chatices for Lotofferance
England decided on a totally independentTM Gresca .... nothing else. The Greeks refused to accept the Treaty of Adrianople. Finally in 1832, « final treaty was signed by which üresce bacane fully Independent, and Otto of Bavaria was chosen King.
The next phase of the Eastern, Question opones in 1832, with a Turkish-Egyptian dispute ovar Syria. When Mehemet Ali was called in to sup....... the Gresk Revolt, the Sultan had promised bin Crate, Syria and Damascus. But the Sultan nad gone back on his word and had kept Syria. Egypt... troops promptly invaded Syria, and within a year, Ibrahim Pasha was at the gates of Constantinople. The Sultan, failing to obtain help from other powers, accepted a Russian offer of assistance, Still, he was forced to abandon Syris, Damascus and Palestine
to Menemet Ali. He was also forced to agree to a Treaty of friendship with Russia, the Treaty of Unkiar Skalessis (1833) by which in effect, the Dardanelles were to be closed in time of war to the warships of all nations except Russia. By this arrangement Russian vesasle in any future war, would be permitted to energe from the Black Sea and to operate in the Mediterranean, and, if necessary to withdraw into the Black Sea without fear of pursuit. Great Britain, Frange and Austria protested, but in vain. Strong suspicion of Russian designa vas aroused in Great Britain, and ane waited for ⚫n opportunity to reverse this decision.
Her chance came in 1839, when fighting mgma broke out between Turkey and Egypt. The Sultan was determined to recover his lost provinces, but nis armies were defeated again. France, under Louis Philippe, backed Egypt. At this stage, both England and Russia intervened as they were unwilling to see the destruction of the Turkish Expire at Egyptian hands. Hahmat Ali was defestea, by a European expedition, and Syria was restored to the Sultan. For a while, it seemed francs woul. declare war on England and Turkey, but she found herself isolated, and was' powerless to save her ally. A new treaty was entered into, this time with;
1
五期星
漩
日六十月二年八六九一慰公年七十五鸵民 中
大及飲育运理辦理與麼,小九鑽無係列貼走小物 華名貼 政生之總推的貼初三星五今足土批三的一 【貼學共策民享行新外级百年後够稱私迄月而爲
小
共日
-圖靈師中文學會演講會留影
幹事會各耍戲。〔本部南
然
入示多患,你的之
丶獲史學會悴。
除上述者,髗影放映,由談節
迟除:
新兴
紅麻麻
一
今
可能到今年底始考慮新行動 係因年來津貼學額之擴增已漸見-
裕 關係方面表示 此計劃之未作進一步實施
私立學校轉爲津貼學校計劃
目前無新行動
银行炫校各學會活禸案。各學會包括 (马)智举書院安明(十七)日
歡迎各界蒞校參觀 各學會活動展覽
計劃目的,係在一八六六年為姓之藝近 廚學會、地理學會、學會、劉樂會。 紅花石理會、法會、运工學會、香港第十
三及#两日,冯酸 J心長- 聞雲屬于盘 晉於偏枯症狀。「實證書」就無
羅師主任泷烈周刁玉》女士,該學院各畫 問題:A-交通新社供給中文問題,佈六八至六九年度中廣 長李月除、洪熙段春鎮者胥、外務锬警王 阿涵:hi中交拍飛問題,B,熱傳中文 一如在十月昕据中暴必须保持和發严,同時也必然造成, 就代表碗」乃中文學畫會亞萬吉驊、廚 、 B,統一解名問題。〔三〕新聞傳遞方面舉當旁,投行新制,(二)普通文诀 才能升級或參加會 世禰日如鹕熊吳依陵先生演講,以爲「中一方面問題:A,使用漢字多少問題,B,,而效育笥发於去第十,極性的和建設性的方鋐局的,又有什麼理 交日類熱儷巾文商體」。到會者包括來瓛 利用注音符號問題。(二)新聞部深方向二月三十日)正式紅突,才能收同本塔戏由和力量來規定學生 微講巠,昨日下午四時十五分行,岔黎 楬出討論,其椹英頦下;(一)新聞寫作 年出路,至俘重大。 應靈丹,必須配合徵 五科,台灣身爲學校 出之辦法:取消「及「通才教育」,工科 多學校,爲了迎合集 必須過於五科及格
燕寧、內務秘庛夲索梅、新閃秘 吳汝航
古卿介紹請區路體,攢出奥氏畲任德康日 曹吉神致獻,並代表中文語言黼灰留念。
一、財務痰 小鵑、印務秘邡亞木 問題。他的團與不及格界」
巫商會主持,會員或來講。首由主席 文稿等,由吳氏等黨解答。析形,中會考之外,文法中,索道脫維
【生的「五科及格」
中學會考改制之不良後果 中殿售院、洪東書鲚新聞系等。就腰人氏,明日在睏僑日報發表。〔琳) 報機讓餐,感主著名日劔如大光報等鋐政 散盡後並在靈堂茶就,降挾新聞界當前選得,一定對此,從一类都投革分料和形成(四)中、英文 ,還有「史東之新區氣」一樣,并任教 讓問題,至六時彼此告別。吳氏貴醫蘇錄,而中女中學宅生不必立牛塔式的,汰,戰 兩料,無菌在奏文中藥聯歡
,而當局始二:
將助長中文衰
文敎界李會詳論會考改制得失 並機雙向當局建議六點改善意見 梓,能與當局提高数目前停徵,程度。 香港有些考恩中學會考」案之胎笑中方,六點,與當局於其他的大部份 (五)學金屬節目,及棋手 失,除以提起社會人,便集中全力於一小的手生,也隱搥的受讓人衛家園,王胡 | 隋文化在來得以舊藏,必然造府許多考中中的英冷料標準,而在節慶,也 |-特撰文評論啓剂花生番會群研宄料及花略爲降低至中下安質在村學參加,他 將使本 樾之中次数臂 (II)實司兼,方估合理,寧可)日下午七時, 交本港文發界知名 來賣发台面會 實,觊使不能實施「無開,我校 【害生雙可不必報考中性,所以問【菁改華生缺一不可的教學聯衆議會,多年來 翰考英文,英文中接了通才教育的完整成中文中學女中年前發起每本售行 道两科並列爲必考科友「明(十七
人工上外票數全與會者」,也要把如果同寻臣與岩畫,軟
張之兒,向爲:
進
小來
难歃 局 接入翰藏中官,此名中墼必從事
加歡
三觀
如果
表會代表何秀英、家雅苔、永安、梁 由各同學提出開題,如簡锋宇,音符號「科目分組及商科以百計各自景致,這是自京
聯春明
√嗨,廣各畑甴迎轟假士,校年行於學畢第山國特
一七羅來國五,檗四大止訊
羅師中文學會學術講座研討
中文報紙的中文問題
講員吳陵提出四月八個問題討論
【特ğ顯酃筷院中文學會學 A沸。吳氏籣要將中文毂纸民做中文問人员,因導演 唱響許考生可以報考那用。
後,反題想邀,恐粉 界限」和一科目分組 「我示意見,鐡以此一」個,雖然虛按照多巨大打折扣,在長榮 改制。社會人之翀錢取消「及格與不及格,民生分别及格式 發表或捕,擬將會考尾內容如下:(一)单,仍然開襟妆民圣瓦,自無宋列明等事 目多不列入,以免 便可,不及格之科
賢的會考關頭,也
料悦繫道
新的打
France joining in. This became known as the Straits'/
Convention (1841) by which the Dardanelles and Bosphorous were to be glosad to the warsnipa of slai nations, so that the Treaty of Unkiar Skalessio, meased to be effective.
The settlement of the Syrian quaation * *) triumph for England, as both franch and fussian influence was/checkéa - at least, temporarily. She bad maintained the power of the Sultan against hie rebellions vassal, and Turkey learned to rely lesa completely for protection upon fussia and more on England.
Questions for next waakt
1. What were the causes leading to the Crimean kary
2. What do you know of the Maiji Restoration!
Show how it affanned ernditions in Japan.