B
五期卷
Leniently at the Treaty of Prague. Besides,
Austria was not likely to help France, who had not ihaloed her in 1866,
其二第張四第
日一十月正年申戊賽
WAH KIU YAT PO
1168英文中學會考試題預習專欄
歷史科 (十五)
依帆。
History (15):
1. Bismarck 8810 taat wermany would be united by "blood and iron." How far did his policy fulfil his word=24
votes
The efforts of German patriots to bring about' united Germany by means of the Frankfurt Parliament failed between 1848 and 1849. Yet 18ssons had been learnt from the movements. It was clear that Austria would never agree to the idea of a united Germany. Her own position would be impossible if all her lands were included, the new state would not be entirely German, since there would be the addition of Italians, Magyars and koumanians. If the whole were excluded, she would lose all influence in Germany. If only the German part was admitted, her Empire would be split and would probably collapse altogether, Austria was bound to keep Germany weak and disunited. It was equally clear that Germany would not be united by parliamentary methods. There were too many German princes who would be against a movement which · would deprive them of cower. It seemed that the Success of German unification lay in the building
force powerful enough to expel Austria up of a when the time came and to crush the opposition of the smaller states. This was what Bismarck meant in 1862 when he said, "Not by speeches and majority
but by blood and iron." Bismarck had "been the Prussian representative at the restored
Diet of the German Confederation in 1851. He soon came to the conclusion that Austria was the enemy of Prussia. Sooner or later, Prussia must fight to expel Austria from the Confederation, if Prussia was to be the leader of Germany. His view was shared by the new King of Prussia, william I, and despite the opposition of the Prussian Assembly (the bandtag) Bismarck went ahead with plans to reform the Prussian Army. It was organized by Von hoon and directed by Von Moltke, and in a few years. it became the most efficient fighting machine in Europe. Bismarck's intention was to use it. as the instrument to achieve German unity. Thei was accomplished in three wars, against Denmark, in 1864, #gainst Austria in 1866 and against France * 1870.
The r
Hari
under taken pedause 818marók saw that the questions involved might afterwardside give rise to a quarrel between Prussia and Austria Further, he wanted the Prussian army tô be engaged in a trial war, to see if it was ready for bigger tainge to come, And further still, if the war wasă undertaken in conjunction with Austria, he "could observe the strength of the Austrian army at close quarters,
PC O
The causUS, OF the vanish war were complicated. „and involved the duchies of Schleswig and Holstein, The last two were members of the German
Confederation, but were under the rule of the King of Denmark as Duke. In 1863, the new King of M Denmark attempted to incorporate these two areas ma into his Kingdom, but the Germans in both provinces resented the union. Bismarck invited Austria tön ve intervene jointly on behalf of the Germans in Schleswig and holstein and war was declared on Denmark in 1864. The result was an easy victory for the German powers and by the Treaty of Castein in 1865, Denmark relinguished her claim to the two Duchies, Prussia was to rule„Schleswig, and Austrijs MA to administer Holstein.
Jismarck now prepared for the coming contL100, with mustria by isolating her, a game of deplomacy at which be vae past caster, He first gained the neutrality of Napoleon of France by a.
"He was already vague promise of "compensation. friendly with Russia whom he had assisted in the suppression of the Polish nevolt in 1863. He als secured the active cooperation of Italy by promising ner Venetia, which the Austrians were still holding. Thus prepared, kismarck picked a quarrel with Austria over the Administration of
Výskastein, ang also proposed, changes in the Confederation Diet which would have excluded Auserds altogether. war broke out in 1866. Prussia 1zwaämän Holstein, and the Italians attached in, the south The Prussian army was better trained and better equipped, and within seven weeke, Austria and those German states supporting her were defeated. The Treaty of Prague was concluded in the same year. Venetia was to be ceded to Italy, and: Austria paid only a token indemnity. But the German. Confederation of 1815 ceased to exist and in ite place was a new organization, the North German Confederation, under Prussian leadership, from which Austria was excluded. The new Confederation extended from the Rhine to Poland, and ` Prussia annexed Hanover, Hesse-Cassel, Nassau and Schleswig-Holstein. The southern German states ware left to themselves for the present.
tha
By this time Bismarck realized that a war with *France would be necessary before German unity with
southern States was achieved, France resented the rise of a strong power in Central Europe, and Napoleon hastily asked Bismarck to fulfil his promises of reward for France's neutrality during the Seven hasks' war. Napoleon asked for the Palatinate, Luxemburg and belgium. By revealizuar Napoleon'a demands for Luxemburg, and; the Palatinate to the Southern German States, pismarcı' turned them against France. by revealing to Britain Kapoleon's demand for Belgium, he revised the Britian distrust of Napoleon and ensured Britis neutrality in the forthcoming war. He also aécured the neutrality of the bussian Czar by pointing out. that the latter could seize the opportunity to -rebuild his Black Sea Fleet while Europe'e attention was diverted. Gustria was too recently defeated, and „Biamarok had. safeguarded, aga inst her-interference against him by treating her
Bismarck was ready for the war, ana required
(only a pretext which should present France as the
aggressor, and Prussia the protector of German rights. This came over the question of the Spanish. Succession, The proposed candidate for the vacam- Spanish throne was a relative of the King of Prussia, Pince Leopold of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, The French were naturally worried at being
surrounded by Hohenzollerns, and Napoleon seht his; ambassador to Ema to see the Prussian King, to ask him to pledge he would never support a Hohenzollern candidate to the Spanish throne. The Prussian King agreed, and the matter should have been dropped.
But from bus went a telegram to Bismarck in Berlin, relating what had happened between the King and
the French ambassador, Bismarck decided to publish the telegram in such a form as to suggest that the Se interview had ended with both the parties concerne, insulted. National passions were aroused and papers in both countries clamoured for war. War was actually declared in 1870 and German arades invaded France. Napoleon and his French armes vere defeated, he was overthrown by a revolution in Paris, and the Third French Republi decideo
to carry on the war, but the Germans laid Biege to Paris and after four months of starvation and bombardment, the French finally capitulated
in 1871.
--
By the Treaty of Frankfurt 1871 france agréné to the cession of Alsace Lorraine to Germany; to pay a war indemnity and to support a German aruy on her soil until such time as the indemnity was paid. But before the final surrender of Paris, Bismarck had opened negotiations with the south German states for their admission into the North Confedera- tion. An agreement was reached and the German states. offered the title of Emperor to King William. La the Palace of Versailles the German Empire, including the north veman Confederation and tad states south, was proclaimed, and William I was crowned L appropriate pomp as Emperor of Germany,
2. Describe the events that took plac
1911 and
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machina between
On Oct. 10, 1911, army unite stationed in Wuchange rose in mutiny, and demanded that the colonel, Li Yuan Hung, placé himmelf at their of be shot. Immediately following this event revolts broke out in province after province, soon, most of China was in the hands of republican rebels. In December of the same year, delegates from the provinces that bad declared themselves independent of the Ching, met at Nanking, proclaimed a republic and elected Dr. Sm Yat-Sen provisional oresident. Meanwhile, the Prince Regent. had ordered Yuan Shin-Kal to return to active duty and suppress the rebels: But Tüzn was an astute nolitician, and reelizënë nga bke monarchy was dooged. He did not subgrebels, but instead came to terms with the T return for theTM presidency of the new Republic which Dr. Sun was to relinguish to him, he would, persuade the Ching Emperor to abdicate, Suny in an effort to unite north and South China, and thus avert a civil war, generously acquiesced. In February 1912, the young Ching Emperor abdicated on the advice of Yuan, and the latter was inanqurated President of the Republic of China. A provisional republican Constitution was proclaimed. A National assembly was set up, and it became the legislative authority of the Republic. At that time. Dr. Sun suspected that Yuan had other ambitions, such as reviving the monarchy. Sun therefore organized the Kuo Min Tang, or National People's Party, whose mambers gained a large majority in the National Assembly. Sun tried to Control Tuan through the Assembly, and in 1913 second revolution took place with the object removing Yuan from office. However, Yusn'agarmien suppressed this revolution, and Dr. Sun was forced to flee to Japan for a time. Yuan then out Lawed the Kuo Min Tang, and replaced its officials with his own supporters He then daolo ed that he would remain in office for 10 years then went a step further and announced he would be president for life He also made known that many people had begged him to restore the monarchy, and in 1915, a carefully abosan group of "advisers* offered him the throne. Yuan accepted and decreed that the Republic would be abandoned and a monarchy would take ita place instead. In January 1916, Yuan declared himself mmperor with the title Hùng Haierf.
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(唔訊)本港各孭教師與學生之比率,根據每局於上一带度之找計資料,顯示如下:
敎師與學生數字比率
上年度統計 小學爲一比三二點七 中學爲一比二六點六
arousing the national « spirit of the Chinese. Chinese boycotted Japanese j goods and Japanese businessmen in China.
After Yuan's death in 1916, he left a sargư number of warlords in-China, and from 1917-1927. China was torn by their ambitions and intrigues, They gave little support to the President Li Yuan, Hung, but were inclined to favour more the dictatorial premier Tuan Chi Jui. Tuan was i favour of entering the war, espacially when the United States declared that if China entered on her side, she would provide her with loans, and suspend. payment of the Boxer Indemnity. These teme were very attractive, and Tuan was anxious to enhance his prestige. But most people were not in favour of China joining the war. In June 1917, there came an attempt at the restoration of the Emperor fisuap
ung, which failed. Tuan's forces recaptured Peking, and he was reinstalled as premier with - puppet president. Supreme in his power, Tuan declared war on Germany in August 1917. But Cham could give no military assistance to her allies it, har weak state, torn as she was by internal strife. However 200,000 labourers were sent to dig trenches In Northern France and Mesopotamia.
TES
When 'the World War ended, China, being on the inning side, was represented at the Peace of Paris. Her delegates were Wellington Koo and C.T. Wang,
o sooke for both the government at Peking and
But they were Dr. Sun's administration in Canton. unable to achieve their aims of ending all unequal treaties and the return of Kiaochow Bay. The European Powers supported Janan in her refusai to relinguish all concessions she had gained in China, knowing that otherwise, they too would have to give up their privileges. The Chinese delegates left the Conference without signing the treaties. The failure of the Chinese delegates to accomplish their aims aroused an intensely
Lbe May nationalistic movement in Ching known as 4th Movement. This was primarily en gati-Japanese movement in which the young Intellectuals of Chara took a great part.
NBRAR
But more violent protests broke out against Yuan's restoration of the Monarchy, and revolta spread from Yunnan into Kwangsi, Kweichow and Szechuan. In the midst of this confusion, YuanE #bandoned the Empire, and restored the Republic in March 1916. Three months later he died and Li Yuan Hung took his place as President.
While all these were going on inside unina, events of great importance had occurred in Europe.
In 1914, war hag oroken out among the duropean nations, but Yuan had at once declared the neutrality of China.” For the most part, the chinese were sosthetic to joining a foreign war while the republic was still struggling in its infancy. But Jápan had no desire to let slip this ideal opportunity to extend her imperiališ tie ambitions. She decided to violate unina's neutrality, declared war on Germany and attauno the Jerman leasehold in Shantung and kisochow bay. All rights formerly enjoyed by Jermany in Shantung were declared by Japan to have passed onto her. Early in 1915, Japan also presented China with the Twenty-Une Demands, which if granted, would in virtual fact have made China into a Japanese protectorate. The government of Yuan. Shin-Kai uso no one to turn to for assistance, for Britain and France were engaged in war, and the United „tites was busy over the sinking of the "Lusitania" by a German U-boat. It was therefore, inevitable that China should accept the demands, and after som alight moderations to render them less odious, Yuan's government agreed to them. But- Japan waa. said to have made an error in policy as the..
Meanwhile Dr. Sun had set up a secession government in Canton in 1917, and this was backed by his National People's Party. There ware
1 Pen actually two governments in Chima, one which was mostly controlled by warlords, and Ur.. Sun's administration in the south. The foreigh countries were inclined to recognize the northero one as the legal government of China, sithough Dr. Sun had been elected President by his Party 10 Canton. But China was a divided country, with bandits roaming, and skirmishes between rival gewups were frequent. In 1929, Dr. Sun made an effort to. unite north and south, and proceeded to Peking to negotiate with the leaders in the north. But ne died without having achieved his purpose, and the task of unifying China was left to his follower, a young general by the name of Chiang Kai-Shek. In 1926 Chiang led an army northwards, and captured much of the Yangtze Valley, and such Key cities as Wuchang,
Hankow and Shanghai. in 1927 Chiang's forces.\ captured Nanking, and by that time, the Chinese had grown tired of civil strife and were anxiou for peace. In 1928, Chiang captured Peking and China became more nearly united then than at any other time previously since the death of Yuan. In the same year, the banking regime was recognized a, the legal government of China, and by 1931, the Kuo Min Tang with Chiang at ita nead çontrolled most of China.
Questions for next week:
what do your understand by the castern question: What was the Powers' attitude towards this from ma 1821-18423
2. Describe events in Japan between 1853 and 1868.
Then explain how the weakness of the Tokugawa let to their overthrow.