事先
21 JAN 1968
百三第張三第
日二廿月二十年未丁磨設
WAH KIU YAT PO #
168英文中學會考試題預習專欄
經濟及公共事务枓 (十二)、劉奇敏・
Economic & Public Affairs
Lecture No. 12
By K.M. La
Introduction
Law & Order
The maintenence of law and order has often been' taken for granted by many, and yet, very few would value anything more than having a peaceful and well- regulated community in which everyone can lead a simple happy comfortable life. The subject of maintain- ing law and order has never interested anyone more than is recent mouths, when in ann wideł civil disturbances broke out.
A country cannot have democracy unless there is protection for everyone. Our freedom to do whatever we like within our basic human rights, anch as to have the freedom to warship Ged in the way we choose, can only materialize when crimes can be effectively prevented.
Dare we walk about freely at night when we know that killers are lurking in the shadows ready to claim their first victim? Dare we park our cars in public when we know that trouble-makers are waiting for the first opportunity to make scratches on our new cars mn steal them? -
Logically enough, democracy can only exist when there is law and order in the country. People must obey the law, not just once in a while as they choose, but cousistently. Those who fail to observe the lav must be brought before the court to be punished. It is to bring these law-breakers to punishment that the Hong Kong Police Force, and for that matter any police force, exists. Another, if not more but equally, vital role of the police is to prevent crimes from breaking opt
The functions of a police force
A man's life and his property are constantly exposed to risk against which he has limited power to protect. In his life he may encounter an insane person who for no abvious reason starts to run amok; he may be robbed or kidnapped, or he may even be mistakenly mrdered His property, on the other hand. may be stolen, damaged or destroyed.
Life and property must therefore be preserved and protected. The first function of a police force is concerned with this. Our roads must be patrolled ali day long, so that every neighbourhood can be free from gangsterism. Suspicious characters can be easily singled out for questioning by policemen on their normal beats. The mere presence of policemen, in fact, is an effective deterrent against the commission of crimes.
The next function of a police force is to prevent and detect crimes. Crime prevention is generally considered the more important part of police work su crime detection, for if the first can be accomplished. the second is not required.
Policemen attached to the C.I.D. (Criminal Investigation Department) have to deal with criminals many of whom are dangerous. From their work these policemen have acquired a great wealth of information about criminalogy. They are familiar with the method a employed by criminals, and they are therefore able to advise members of the general public on ways and means to thwart the plans of criminals. But, if a crime cannot be prevented, the crime must then be solved and the criminal brought to justice. Today scientific methods are employed to detect crimes.
The period from May to December, 1967 saw the outbreak of civil disturbances in Hong Kong. People responsible for civil disturbances are generally desperate trouble-makers who are out to create chaus in the country, either for political reasons or for reasons best known to themselves. At any rate they must be prevented from causing harm to the community. It is by no means an easy task to do this, and the police force is responsible for carrying out this vital task. We have seen that our policemen bad, for the most
part of last year, divorced themselves from most normal police duties, in order to devote their time, and foens their attention, to the suppression of the disturbances, a job which undoubtedly, has won them great admiration from the public.
These then are the three basic functions or a police force. To summarize them, they are!
to preserve, and protect life and property; to prevent and detect crimes; and
to suppress civil disturbances.
Our attitude towards the police-
The attitaur coat each person has towards the police varies from citizen to citizen. One way look upon the police with respect, dislike,
fear ol hostility. Whatever attitude that each person adopte it is more often than not based on personal experience. or prejudice,
One may like the police because one's father is a policaman. Another may dislike them because he
beenammonsed many times for illegal parking, #, da
neighbour may look upon the police wit he has done something wrong and is a arrested. The fourth person may be
ar because
criminal offence, and he is thus vai, to seek his revenge.
policemen because he has been sent to Safe P
For a
the
a chance
Bearing in mind that the police force is the only organization that maintains law and order, we should look up to these lawmen and give them our co-operation. Our attitude should therefore be one of admiration and coacero.
In what waVA" CAO
th the palice?
The Buccess of crime prevention depends to a
certain extent the information provided by members of} the general public. We should thas, report to the
nearest police-station, of any suspicions characterej. or any unusual happening in our neighbourhood. The police can then investigate, and if necessary, také
any offences that may be committed. tion to pre
Dur willingness to offer to any policeman any sasiatance asked is another way in which we can com operate with the police. Too often we ees pelle standing idly in the streets while a poor policeman is trying to get help for an injured man. As a matter of fact on seeing an accident vs should disl 999 and report the accident. Our prompt action may save è ∙life!
Another common rault or most citizens 18 their anwillingness to appear in court to testify when they happen to be an eye-witness to accidents or facidents Finally, va can also help the police by not cansing any hindrance or obstruction to their work. For instance we should keep away from noisy crowds, and if there is an accident we should not rush over it to see what it is all about. If ve can't give any help, the least we can do is to keep away from the .../ accident.
Answers to the questions in Exercise IX '
Questions (1) Explain a citizen's powers of arrest,
When can a police officer make an arrest?
Atswri
A citizen'a power to arrest is derived from two important sources the Common Lay and the Statute Law. It is important that a citizen should know when he can arrest a person and under what circumstances, for! acting contrary to what he is authorized to do may result in bis being sued for false imprisonment,
The Common Lev states that he can arrest a person if there is reasonable suspicion that a person has committed the crine, supported by the fact that a crane has in fact been committed.
Thus, for instance if a citizen gelieves that a 18 a robber, he cannot rest A merely became bs. suspects Ato be a robber Feghould arrest, rotuery bag in fet den committed" and he has reacts to believe that is connected dth the cr
A citizen can also arrest at Common Law if he ensibly thinks that a person whom he sees is comitting or about to commit a felony or caus bodily hara, 2
Section 102 or the. Criminal Procedure Ordinanc states that any citizen can arrest without warrant "any person on a charge of having committed ar indictable offence, if such an offence has actusily been committed or if the person arrested is being pursued by hue and cry, but not otherwise".
Thus, under the Statute Law, if a citizen częs A being chased by a noisy crowd he can arrest A right away, but if A is found to be innocent, he will not be charged for false arrest, since he is only acting according to the 1
A citizen can also arrest at statute Law anyone whop he has found to be in possession of property which is suspected to have been obtained by an indictable offence.
If a citizen 18 oxzered any property to be sold. pawned or delivered, and he has reasons to suspect that an indictable offence has been or is to be. committed, he is allowed to arrest the person offering him the property,
A citizen may also arrest anyone who commite any offence against the Malicions Damaze Ordinance if the damage is done to his property.
A policeman also possesses the citizen's povera arrest.
At Common Law he may arrest without warrant am person if he:
(a) has reasonable grounds to suspect him of having committed a crime;
(b) is informed by another party whose word can be trusted that be has committed a felony, or treason, or bas caused aerious bodily harm
(c) sensibly thinks that a person won ne seco is committing or is about to commit an indictable offence.
A policeman can also make an arrest, according hia statutory powers of arrest, any person whom he reasonably suspects of being guilty of any offence. Question: (2) tive a brief, out accurate, aescriptión
of the Hong Kong Police Force. Answer:
Commanded by a Commissioner of Police, who is assisted by a Deputy Commissioner of Police, the Bong Kong Police Force is composed of 8 principal Divisions, sa shown below,
Operational
Administrative Headanartera.
Commissioner of Police
Deputy Corasioner of Police
Kowloon Marine District District
Crimina Investigation. Department
Hong Kong Now Island
Territories District District
Auxiliaries Special
Branch
The Operational and Administrative fleadquarters concerned with such work asta
(1) making policies in matters affecting Finance
atores, welfare, personnel, communications and transport and training. (11) conducting research work aimed at improving
the efficiency of the police force, (11) planning day-to-day duties for the force
a whole.
Crime prevention and crime detection are on the other hand the responsibilities of the Criminal Investigation Department which is headed by a Senior Assistant Commissioner of Police C.I. is made a
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(1) Anti-corruption Branch'
(11) Triad Society Bureau
111
Commercial Crime Office
(iv) General Investigation Section
(v) Aida to Investigation Section
Narcotics Burean
貴辨
忠的情節快
Aids to Investigation Section is made up of five
sub sections:
(1) Identification Burean
(ii) Criminal Records Office
iii) Prevention of Crime Office
(iv) Forensic Laboratory
(v) Ballistics Offica
As corruption is rife is any goverment, it is imperative that a constant vigilance is kept on suspicions civil servants who are corrupt. Allegations and complaints must be carefully studied and investigated to ascertain their validity. The Anta Corruption Branch ia concerned with this work
Gangsterism is often a serious threat to the atability and growth of a community. Hooligans and bad elements must be "rounded up" and punished in order that social evils such as prostitution, gambling and drug addiction can be eliminated. The Triað Society Bureau is responsible for the suppression Da triad activities in Hong Kong.
Frauds such as forging cheques, abusing one's position for personal gains, and embezzlementa are common in a commercial city. The Comercial Crime Office spends most of its time in dealing with these,
The other sections and sub-sections of the
Criminal Investigation Department deal with
th specific work arising from crime prevention and detection.
The Special Branch of the Police Force deals with people who are connected with subversive activities, and who seek to undermine the government organizations, Dangerous political elements are normally deported if approved by the Deportation and Detention Advisory Tribunal.
For efficient policing, Hong Kong is divided into four districts Hong Kong Island, Kowloon, New Territories and Marine. Each district has a number of divisions. Each division is then divided into sub-divisions..
For instance Bong Kong Island is divided into four divisions - Eastern, Western, Central and Bay View. Central Division, for instance, is then made up of 3 sub-divisions – Upper Level, the Peak and the Waterfront. A Superintendent of Police is in charge of each division in which there is one main police station which controls a number of sub- divisional stations. Each divisional area is then divided into sections and beats. Sections are nanneg by Non-Commissioned Officers, while the beats are manned by police constables.
The Auxiliary Police is now part of the Bong Rong Police Force, which when mobilized works Side by side with its counterpart. Members of the Auxiliary Police are specially trained in!
radio communications;
struct patrollings
ais observation (from the belicopters); (d) martie police work and
(e) escort work
In maintaining law and order, the Police Force is a very busy organization, and its work is often
Magda vi tal to the community that during an emergency,
all police leaves are cancelled. Policemen sometimes have to sleep in the stations, and are not so luckỳ, as other civil servants whe during an emergency, are on the contrary, given an unofficial holiday!
Exercian
What sort of work is done by:
Hong Kong Society for Rehabilitations Society for the Aid and Rehabilitation of Drug Addicte; (c) Holy Carpenter Church?
What are the basic functions of a newspaper?]