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1468,英文中學會考試題預習專欄
歷史科
依帆·
listory (6)
Define the Taiping System of Goverrunent.
Why did!
the Rebellion finally fail?
The Taiping rebels aimed not only at över-/ Growing Manchu rule, but also at introducing changes. into Chinese society. From the beginning, Hung and his leaders drilled their followers in religion as well as the art of fighting. They believed that death in battle was a way to eternal happiness, Transgressors against the Holy Commandments were punished by death. Every where, they went, they tried to convert the Chinese to their brand of Christianity, sometimes forcibly by destroying idols
and sacking cemplas,
Because from the very beginning to the end, the Rebellion had to fight for its survival, it was also a military organization. It was the duty of all able-bodied men to serve in the armed forces, Discipline was very strict. Gambling, drinking and Opium smoking were forbidden. Civil service examinations were open to both men and women, and the traditional Chinese administrative system war wodified to include new offices. Land was the property of the state, which divided it equally
among families in proportion to their size. The peasant gave up his products to a 'sacred" communal warehouse, from which he received what he needed. In each city the Taipings conquered, groups of families made up different units, under the charge;
of a military officer who exercised military, religious and judicial power. Each unit had a common treasury and a common place of worship. Surplus fó and money were given to the national treasury. In fact the Taipings carried out a form of primitive Communism. The communal warehouses ensured equal distribution of wealth and adequate supplies for armed forces,
Socially, men and women even married couples, were separated into camps. Both sexes were to enjo equal rights, and capable women were found in important military as well as administrative positions. Women were also freed from the degrading systems of concubinage, bondage and foot-binding.
But the rebellion, which had begun so promisingl with such great support from the Chinese peasantry failed in the end. This was due to several causes, After the capture of Nanking, the revolutionary sear or the revel leaders seemed to have died out. In any case, Hung gave himself up to gracious living, and crusted important affairs of state to incapable relatives. Many of the early leaders had been kiusa in the military campaigns. The new leaders were criminals and baridits. These burnt and looted the towns and villages they captured, antagonizing the peasantry. The scholar gentry class refused to support the Taipings who were teaching a new and foreign faith, and the former allied themselves to. Taeng Kuo-fan, Nor were the the landlords happy with Hung's proposed land reforms. Although these reforms were good in theory, yet the Taipings never held any eres long enough to carry them out effectively. And/ it was these proposed land reforms, and not Hung's idea of Christianity, which had first attracted their followers to join them. When the Taipings attempted
to fores their followers to accept this Torel m religion in place of the confucian Leachings they had practised for centuries, the Chinese-uickly withdrew their suport. Besides, it was discovered that the landers did not practise what they preached. Hung had prohibited concubinage, but it was rumoured that! he had many wives while he was leavenly King.
The rebels also lost the opportunity or jeapturing Feking after the first flush of success
thus making the fatal mistake of giving thàn Manchus time to reorganize themselves. After 1854; the tide of Taiping conquest gradually receded, ang they seemed unable to extend their territories. Jealousy and rivalry among the Taiping lencers hao resulted in their killing one another, lea ving their forces without any capable leadership,
The hostile attitude of the foreigners towards [the Reballion was also a cause to its failure, When'
the Rebellion first bagan, foreigners thought that the movement, being Christian, would be an asset to the West The Taipings even bought western arms. from the foreigners. But towards 1860, the attitude of the foreigners graduelly changed. They had just concluded the Conventions of Peking with the Manchu Dynasty, and they were anxious to preserve it so that it could fulfil the terms of the treïties. If the Taiping did overthrow the Manchus, it was debatable whether the resels would feel themselves bound by the treaty terms. The Taipings also threatened, Shanghai which was a centre of trade. It was this last danger which induced the forel) and Chinese merchants to organize a mercenary force for the defence of Shanghai when the ̈ Imperial forces falled to subdue the Taipings, This mercenary force was the "Ever Victorious Army, trained, equipped and commanded by foreigners This force ultimately defeated the Taipings in 1864. Hung the Heavenly King committed suicide, and the remaining leaders were captured and executed.
Why did Napoleon III, who began his rule as a dictator. finally turn into a Constitutional Monarch?.
Louis Napoleon was the nephew of Napoleon 1, and, regarded himself as his heir, He had encouraged the Napoleonic legend and 1836 and 1840, attempted to overthrow Louis Philippe. As a young men he had joined the Carbonari in their fight for Italian unity. Before ho came to power, he had written many books setting forth his schemes of social reform, and explaining the real aims of Napoleon I. He claimed that his uncle. had wanted to bring peace and liberty to Europe, but had died before he could achieve these aims His very name reminded the French of the past glories of France and to the middle classes, he represented law and order. The lower classes were also in favour of him because he had drawn up schemes to abolish, unemployment. In the elections of 1848, Loilə - Napoleon was chosen president. by a large majority. But from the beginning of his reign to the end, he presented a picture of contradictions,
During the first two years of his presidency, he gained the support of practically all sections of the population. The Catholics supported him when in 1849, he sent an army into home to suppress the Roman Republic under Mazzini, and restored the. Pope. The merchants, businessmen and industrialists were confident that he would bring peace and stability. which was necessary for economic development. He championed the cause of the lower classes when the new Assembly tried to defranchise one third of the. voters, As for the army, they hailed him as a great military leader in the manner of the first Napoleon.
In 1851 Louis Napoleon felt himself so firmly entrenched in power and popularity that he decided it was time to rid himself of all opposition to his ambition of reviving the Empire. In a swift coup d'etat, he arrested his opponents and extended hi term of presidency from four to ten years. A nation-
wide plebeseite showed that he was supported in this move by the population. Furing the following year, he enlarged his following by carrying out any
seful reforms, such as housing schemes.
1852,
de proposed to restore the monarchy and by that tire he had won so many hearts that there was little objection to this. The Second cm, ire was declare and he took the title of Napoleon III. Parliament was allowed very little power, political meetings and associations were forbidden, ind a severe censorship of the press was set up, Sut this”. dictatorship the emperor proposed to modify later when France had settled down
From 1852 to 1860, Napoleon was immensely popular. He instigated a great slum clearance scheme, replacing thousands of insenitary and delapidated dwellings with cheap housing for the poor, Roads and zvanes were widened, water and gas mains laid, communications were improved, and a period of prosperity set in. The Court was: brilliantly resided over by the be utiful Empress Eugenie, and Paris once again became the fashion centre of Europe. In his foreign policy, he gainea several successes, notably in the Crimean War- (1854-1856) and in the Far East. He was also credited with helping the cause of Italian unification, although in trying to please all parties concerned, he had only succeeded in plesung none. but by 1850, apoleon had reached the het ht of his power.
out the following years marked he turning o the tide. In 1859, the Emperor had kept his promise of siberalizing the Empire, and began this process by granting an amnesty to political exiles and allowing them to return. He thus laid himself wide open to attack from people who fe red hothin In 1860, he had allowed Parliament more freedam tr criticize and reject or accept proposals, and it proceedings were published papers. But the Emperors enemies accepted each concession as indication of his weakness. The Emperor also caused widespread discontent when he exposed French manufacturers to English competition by Cobden treaty of 1860, His reforms had not gone far enough to prevent strikes and the growth of socialism and Communism.
His foreign policy had also met many uelon tə In 1861, he embarked on the unsuccessful Mexican Adventure in an attempt to set up a Catholic Empire in Mexico to please the clerical party, But this had ended in ignominy with the wirhdrawal of French, troops and the betrayal of Maximillian. Napoleon's prestige suffered severely from this adventure. He also missed a great opportunity oi extending French influence in 1866 during the Austro-Prussian War. If he had allied with himself with Austria against Prussia he might have gained the German territories he wanted, instead of providing bismarck with an opportunity to outwat hám.
by 1970 the opposition to the Empire had increased. He was unable to restrain this feeling and Napoleon felt that the only course open to him was to grant further condessions. He gave muze liberty to the press, allowed more politica) parties, and proclaimed an entirely new cons23cution, France would remain in Empire but the Legislature would enjoy real sower and ministers would be responsible to it. Thus Napoleon, urged by his own theories and forced by his enemies, had turned himself into a constitucional Monarch in 1870. Within a year, the Second Empire was destroyed the might of Prussia.
Next week's questions.
1. ascribe the part played by the Powers in th
gaining of Belgian Independence.
Lescribe the "Deir-Strengthening Movement" in China between 1860-1894 and accouit, for its failure.
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