·WAM KITE 阿二第張三第 日二初月一十年未丁歷荳
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1968
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英文中學會考試題預習專欄
經濟及公共事務科(五),劉奇敏,
[Economic & Public Affairs!
ecture No.:
The Law (Part II)
The significance of statute Law
By K. M.
When common law is found to be inadequate, such" as when the punishment given for a certain offence is too lenient, or when it is found to be obsolete, the supreme law-making body in the country has to pass a new statute law.
For instance, at common law when two persons have a fight is a public place they are only punished if a breach of the peace has been caused such at resulting in a threat to the safety of other people; and the punishment imposed is at most a few weeks. jail sentence, but more commonly a caution or a fine is the punishment.
Recently, however, Government has found that, as result of the disturbances in the Colony, it i necessary to impose a harsher punishment in order to deter people from engaging in fist-fights, & new statute law has therefore been passed, whereby anyone engaged in a public fight is liable to one year's imprisonment (Section 25, The Public Order Ordinance, 1967.)
et's look at another example. In former times, at common law the age of consent to marriage was 18 for a man, 16 for a woman. Today our statuta Iaw has h changed this age requirement to 21 for both the man and the womany
Thus, whenever common law has to be supplemented. by a new statute law, or when a certain statute law 18 out of date and has to be amended, replaced or repealed the Legislative Council has to pass a law
Cutline showing how a law is made
(1) That which is to be made into a law 15 usually a
list of things proposed known as a bill.
(2) This bill has to pass through three "readings",
which are actually "stages" in the form of meetings of the Legislative Council.
(3) The First Reading
fa) At one of the meetings of the Legislative
Council, a member (normally a senior official member) will propose (or in the legal language, "move") that the bill be read for the first time,
(b) The President or the commeil, the Governor,
may comment on the bill, depending on its significance to the community.
(a) a copy of the bill is distributed to eacn
member for him or her to read critically, after the meeting.
(d) The President then sets the date for the]
Becond reading..
Following the first reading, the bill 13. published in the Government Gazette, so that members of the general public are aware of the bill and can voice their views; they may express their opinions in the press, whion in
way, can influence the decisions of the members of the Legislative Council,
4) The Second Reading
The second stage in the passage of a bill is e debate to determine whether the bill is of senefit to the community of Hong Kong as a whole or not, and to find out whether it has any loop-holes (1.e. adverse effects on the community or it has certain weak points whereby people can find a way of getting awa from
he F111.)
If majority of the members present feel that the bill is not a necessity to the community at the time of discussion, the bill may be put aside (thip is called "shelving the bill) pending another discussion of its usefulness, to the community.
The President than calls for a vote which 19 dona by "voless," Members in favour of the bill ill say "aye" and those not in favour will say "no". If the "ayes" echo louder the the "noes" the bill is accepted; if it is th reverse the bill is rejected. Any member can object to this voting by voices if he thinks that it is inaccurate, in which case aach member is called to say "yes" or "no" and his decision is recorded by the Clerk of the commail.
If the bill is accepted, the bill may be Aiscussed in detail now by the entire Council or by any of the three standing committees by a select committee, depending on the
rgency and nature of the bill. The bill s then se id to be "committed".
(*) A member may propose a change in the bill 7 Introduce a new clause to it. A copy of the proposal is given to every member who is entitled to debate on the proposal..
5) The Third Reading
If the bill has been referred to a standing committee or a select comittee, to examine its propose is in detail, the chairman of the committee will "move" that the bill be read the inaltime.
or
日期
日三月二十年七六九一南公年六十出版 对中
•£12
1968
(b) ir there should be any Amendment introduced t
any member, the bill is referred back to the committee (we say the bill is re-committed") for finalization.
(c). If no amendment is introduced at this stage, the bill is then adopted, Le. the bill 197 now passed as a law of Hong Kong
(d) The bill is then presented to the Governor
whose assent is required before the final adoption of the bill is passed. His assent la then followed by the Queen's.
The bill is then published in the Government Gazette as an Ordinance, which means that it has now become part of Hong Kung'a atatute law.
Uutline of the Colony's law courts
Justicea of the Peace Court
18) A J.P. Court is the lowest court of justice
Hong Kong.
(b) It is not a court or record 1,.e. it does not
keep a record of its proceedings.
(e) It is presided by Justices of the reace, one
of whom is a lawyer, who can advise when points. of law arise..
(a) I tries petty offences, and therefore has very Limited jurisdiction in both civil and criminal. offences.
Magistrates Court
It is the lowest court of record.
(b) It is presided by a m glavayla who may be
"permanent" or "special" and who is appointed by the Governor by warrant.
(c) It tries summary offences such as traffic
offences, theft or house-breaking.
It has limited jurisdiction in civil cases.
(0) It holds preliminary inquiries to determine
whether the censed has a case to answer.
(f) Kost of the cases are heard by the magistrate alone without a jury, unless in special cases where an ordinance specifies that the accused has the choice of a trial by jury,
8) permanent magistrate can impose maximum
fine of
of $2,000 or two years imprisonment; a special magistrate can impose a paximum fire or $3,000 or six months imprisonment exception to. this mile is when an ordinance specifies that revă certain offence is punishable by a magistrata)
in excess of his power of punishment.
h) A magistrate can hear disputes between landforda and tenants, under which circumstances the court is known as the Tenancy Tribunal, y
(1)
When a magistrate tries a case in which the accused is a child (a person below 14 years of age) or a young person (below 16 but above 14) the court is known as a Juvenile Court which is not open, to members of the public, and publication of the trial is withheld, When a magistrate tries offences created by the Merchent Shipping Ordinance, 1953 the court is styled as a Marine Court Appointed as mrie magistrates are the prector of Marine and the Assistant Director ofan who both sisting together in court possess powers sindlar to those of a special magistrate:
(k) Appeals from this court lie in the supreme
Court.
District Court
(a) It is both a civil and a criminal court.
(b) It is presided by a district court judge whosi appointment must have the approval of the
(o)
Governor. A district court judge has similar power and authority as those of a permanect
magistrate in addition to those powers granted him by the District Court Ordinance.
It tries indictable offences such as mosd felony or treason.
ha a civil court it tries cases where claims de
exceed $10,000.
118 a150 Rears cases in respect of the workman' a
Compensation (Amendment) Ordinance, 1964 (f) Appeals from this court may be directed to the
Full Court of the Supreme Court
The Supreme Court
(a) It is both a civil count and a criminal court (b) Unless under very special circumstances; it
hears cases with a jury
(c) As a criminal court it has original jurisdic-
tion, that is to say, the case does not have to go through the Magistrate's Court first.
Oivil claims are only heard in this court if they exceed the sum of $10,000.
It has also original jurisiction in civil cases
in respect QUT
(1) bankruptcy
(11) divorce;
(iii) probste,
(iv) aimraltss
and it hears matters concernin
(1) appointment of Trustees
Guardians or wards of orphaned children}} and
(111) business corporations in Hong Kong.
(1) appeals com the Supreme court may be submitted)
to the Full Court of the Supreme Court.
(2) Supreme Court judges are appointed by koyal
Instructions./.
The Full Court of the Supreme Court. (a) It is the highest appellate court in Hong Kong. (b) It is presided by two or more supreme court Judges according to the wishes of the Chief Justice
c) A supreme court judge sitting alone is
authorized to hear appeals from the Magistrate's Court, he may refer the appeal to the Full Gourt,
@
Appeals from the Full Court lie in the Judiofal
Committee of the Privy Council in England, which
is the court of last resort for decisions passed by our courts of law.
(olutions to Exercise TV are withheld for nake \week due to
ressur
領習壽酒
地理科
(五)
地人社。
法界地理科要
滲地輝 ***
水能分佈
陇界地理,内强力
撈曲作用
断化作用
猛力脂餐
侵蝕作用(雨水、河流、地下水
風力
地理科預習(五)
·就『知成岩石的重要元素和礦物,並略岩石的分類。
答:衛地殼的物質,通稱爲礐石:礐石元素或諮詢新組成,組成岩石的光奕類很多,但其 中及重要的有八姒, 田鼠、閩、網、鐵、低、鈣、鉀、鎂。以上八合計約伯地鷇岩石 98%,故此入元案夊門啟『造岩元槳』。
組成岩石的礦物歲類也很多,約二千為,但其中楼畫展的能有十多種;如石英,提石、糰 母、綠泥石、角閃石、輝石、橄携石、方解石及白石等
由於岩石的化成分,構造的輪及生成原因的不同,因此岩石的分頭水路,大的當 岩石的分類有三種不同的方法
1.“恢岩石的生成原因可分爲三瓶1A,火成岩,B.沉岩,C.變質岩。 A:火成岩(又稱癡箔響,是指地散內部的岩類侵入岩需裂質發至地表,經冷知
成岩石驿之;火成岩的特點成塊狀,用關的聲琢,及有喆晶的構造。由於岩漿美 活的位置不同,又可分三類:
CA)若岩漿饈在地活型類的深處就冷無的,爲深成骨,如花崗岩。深成者的 時野是具有完旁的神品體,且品新位较大,可以
(B)若岩漿使入地裂隙,宋出地面,而午距地面不连的地方發慢冷的,開鑼 検成塔,如斑岩。洗成的特得是具有微鈷品或雜誌。
(C)若岩漿地震粪開噴出地面,很快就全部的,和含噴出岩放火山岩,如玄武器
現出岩的特衖是古晶不完全或微痛,或完全不符,点多领孔。 沉
你
,又和火生兒,是指若然進長期的模組,固化所放的碎片,粉宋诼国分点 想、不味、風、□的力紐帶型水所准發,得過長期間水的壓力,及化學性的畫 精准成的岩石,酸爲沉積岩、如砂岩。沉魔岩的時锾是具有明顯的腳運,且常有生物 的化石存在。依生成的原因,艾可分為三類:
CA)機械況欑,由水力力等變披所冲覆成的,如砂岩、武岩
CB)化學沉燙,如石灰石、石膏等經溶解後,將其中一部的物質帶走,再磘化事業 | 化不腻,然發作用所壓力消失,而再沉氣成岩石,如石筍、蔬乳石
(C)有排質沉,如由動物的滾體沉機准達的石灰岩,检物退體沉體而成的煤。
C.使又發;火成岩成水成岩,如果讓受高温高準继及水汽作用,使岩石的性質發生部分病|
·登記的改變,而成另一類新的岩石的,您應貿岩,如花崗岩是實而成片网瘡。
2.、依岩石的化學成份分類,可分為三類:
A.酸性岩是指岩含硅酸(矽酸
$10,在60%以上,稱之爲花崗岩
B.中性岩是指岩石含硅酸量在50%至60%之間,如石斑岩。
C.蒸岩是指岩石內含硅酸置在50%以下,如安石岩
3.依礐石的糖造分類,可分三大類:7004
A.琴戒岩是指岩石只是由一重確物成單一的造岩元素所成,如石英是由矽破所精成
2B.變成容是指岩石是由二種或二度以上的礙物造些元素所組成,如花崗岩是由石类。
BES
長為及當母航欄成。
(B)
單出解成香港地質的需要礐石期,時生及地形的影响
攀成香港地質的岩石,邊重要的是火成岩姻,其次是永成岩類和驚者。在火成岩中又 以花崗起,新岩和火山岩分佛要。現分遞下
ATENTIONA
(A)分佈地區,是香港常見的塔,整個九龍半島區(東宮城、牛頭角;西荃灣 3北驺泌附间谷)鬯山、大批浠水演、大嶼山東南部,香港島北部沿海(由上環養 代舞)及離島中之興洲、寶安、昂船洲等島。
(B)特生:是屬於深成岩,具融性,是由石英、雲母長石所組成,有完善的商品
,色交赛,易固化,粒子較愤,質碶而貌3辨餐化侵鈷,變成數砂成劣地,是鳥好 ̇的石材......
(C)地形的影響,在港內多成親征的面值丘陵地,如圳石山,且花崗石县受異化 →當風化後,該球鬆物質,易被雨水帶體,而成的地,如大樽滿永樂區之小丘地基也
3.斑岩:
(A)在香港分佈地區,本满斑岩的分佈也街廣)批大旗山地區,八仙嶺地區、鳳庭 山及東部西賞附近。
(B)特點,是屬於決成培,屬於中性者,色深灰,有石英長石的粒子,其转器, 質地密緻勻一,屍化較難。
(C)對地形的影響。由於抵抗風化侵蝕的能力强,故多造的高峻的山地,大輔出
鳳凰山等。
火山營
(A)在香港分佈地签,本港的火山岩分佈也很廣,如香港島的西南部,大嶼山的選: 都和西實以黨的地盤。
(B)待點:火山岩的種類很多,如安石、玄武岩、朗灰岩、洗致岩等,各有其不 同的特性。大致而言,火山差屬於噴出,其有酸性岩,具有基性岩及中看, “不完善的抽晶或徽舖晶,亦有完全不精晶,多無孔,陶化性格...
(C)對地形的影响:火山岩化之後,多造成土整或细的劣地或很崎嶇的山播? 如實以購的山地盟。至於水或岩方面,在香港境內最多的有頁岩和砂岩,其岩分佈 發滿的大澳,沿及大魂圣寻平的大路學,吐露港北岸和大埔墟的桃深洞,其特性 产具有明顯的管理。其性質與其上领物與服活物有關,桃造紙廠,易風化,常含有化 石,是找奪煤礦的機率,由於此類岩石固化較易,故多造成山谷成低地,如入仙繼的 南北坡度的不同,便是由於八仙緩的北妙果示成岩構成,故妙宬平接;而需的是由证 艷知岩方面,香港境內最終的有零母片岩、片座岩。無母片岩多分佈在安山新捷通知。
·朗的公咯两确的小丘;板增多分佈在本港的大小磨刀廠片麻岩多分佈在香港寺續費 您的石英碱冰冷。其特性,整片主要是由異母,泥土、石英所構成,或腦片牌 的蒲遇;硬岩其降生與買者大致相同,但是硬民大,可作農刀石、石板、石硯等,片 岩是花崗岩的機,質堅與,或物顆粒成條狀,平行排列,是良好的建材。
(赠二)::
? METSA? #NARALEERD.
.AZ
上,岩石期受風吹,電打、日晒等外營力而致岩石之化學成份欲改變,或在原地僻
物墀黑化文絜機械區化,岩石之形狀、大小,而在原地剝落分裂的原因而形成,使原 來之錄機改變而性質不改變。此類或化由下列各原因構成。
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