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英文中學會考試題預習專欄
地理科
(五) 劉玉鎮。
Geography. (5)
(a) în a sketch map of the Hwang to Basin, Locate these cities: Lanchow, Paotow. Tairuan. Sian, Peking.
Tientsin
rivers: Wei Ho, Fen Ho, gorges: Luchia, Sanmen
HWANG HO BASIN
ALOPOW
PEKING
| TAIYUAN
NORTH
PLAIN
LOESS PLATGAU
LIUCHIA
GORGE
STAN
GORGE
(5) Tell briefly in a sentence or two the importance
of each of the cities located on the map. Lanchow — It la an industrial centre as well as a railway centre, situated on the upper Hwana with oil imported from the north-west oil- producing districts of Karama, Tumen and Kurla and hydro-electricity from the Liuchia Gorge, it has a large oil refinery and other light industries associated with the processing of agricultural products.
Paotow -- It is the third iron and steel centre in China. Its industry is based on iron ore mined nearby and fine quality coal from Tatung, Railways link it with Peking to the east, Taiyuan to the south-east and Lanchow to the south-west.. Taiyuan Taiyuan 18 situated on Fen Hc. It is centre of heavy industries, and draws its fron from Kalgan and coal from Tatung.
Sian This is an ancient capital claiming to be the cradle of Chinese civilisation. It lies in the fertile and irrigated Wei Ho valley, the most densely peopled area of the Loess Plateau. Endowed with a comparatively rich hinterland which produces cotton, wheat and kaoliang in large quantities, it is gradually developed into a new centre of light-industries,
Feking Chosen to be the present capital of China, it is the administrative, cultural as well 83. communication centre. Railways from all directions meet here. Its strategic position between a vast lowland to its south and a northern mountainous frontier has enabled it to acquire its significant status. It has also established itself as an important industrial city, with many varied industries, Tientsin → It is the second largest port in Ohina, an important commercial centre of the region. Favoured with a fertile hinterland,
has textile and flour mills, chemical works and large salt evaporation works. However, situated 22 miles away from the sea on the shallow hai Ho, which freezes in the winter, Tientsin cannot accommodate ocean liners all the year round and the job is taken over by its outport, Tangku..
(c) Why is the Hwang-Ho known as the Sorrow of
China 1? What steps have been taken to control the river?
The Hwang-Ho in its middle course flows through a region of loose soil and erratio rainfall. the Ordos Desert and the Loess Plateau -- and carries with it an enormous amoun of silt, This is deposited on the river bed as well as the banks of the river in the lower course where the river slackens. As a result, the river is bound by natural levees on both
ides and it flows at a level higher than its surrounding plain, 90, in the rainy season,
here is always the danger of the river bursting banks and thus bringing great damages to
*
11e and properties. In fact, disastrous floods in the past had caused the river to change its course repeatedly in past years. In addition, the lower course of the tiver is not navigable. Navigation is hindered by sand banks, shallow river bed and a number of gorges, Therefore. though the Hwang-Ho helps to built up an extensive fertile plain, it is known as the sorrow of China!.
Several steps have been taken to control
the Hwang Ho so as to render it navigable, to lessen the harmful effects of its floods, to convert it into a supplier of water for irrigation, and to harness it for the generation of H.E.P. To, achieve these, the most important. programmes involve the onstruction of dams and reservoirs on the river and its tributaries. Flood water can be controlled. Water is stroed for irrigation and producing HEP. Each of the two large dams at Liuchia Gorge and the Sammen Dorge has a capacity of one million kilowatt. As a second device, large-scale afforestation 12. taking place in the Loess Plateau to minimize soil erosion. Through this, the amount of silt deposits in the lower course can be greatly reduced. Thirdly, the river bed is dredged and the dykes on the river bed strengthened. But these can only produce short-term effects.
(d) Compare the Loess Plateau and the North China
Plain under the headings of relief, climate and land use.
selief: The North China Plain occupies the lower course of the Hwang Ho between the Loess Plateau and the sea. Once a shallow sea, the lowland plain is built up by alluvial (river-brone) and marine deposits presenting very gentle gradients. The Hwang Ho here flows at level higher than that of the countryside, Consequent to this, the region is under the threat of disastrous floods,
Contrary to the above, the Longs Plateau stands et a height between 3000 feet and 5000 feet above sea-level, lying to the south of the Grest fall in the great bend between the Wei Ho
and the Hang Ho. The Plateau de covered with thick loess (wind-borne) deposits transported the strong winter monsoons from the Ordos Desert. It presents a rather level but much dissected surface since its original relief is well covered up by loess. Here the Hwang Ho flows
in
a narrow and deep valley, at a level much lower than the loess plateau on either side. The threat of disastrous flood does not exist. In its place, there arises the difficulty of getting. irrigation water.
Climate: In both areas, the climate can be classified as temperate monsoonal, characterised by warm, wet summers and very cold, dry winters, Rainfall is both unreliable and variable. Dust storns are frequ
As the Now Laura Hain is nearer to
the 988 and thus under maritime incluences, the temperature ranges are smaller and the annual precipitation is higher. The summer temperature hare is quite nich (30°F) while its winter
temperature is below freezing (25°F), it receives about 20" 30" of rainfall in an average year.
On the other hand, the Loess Plateau, farther away from the Bea, is under continental influences. The temperature range is higher
80°F in sunser 209F in winter) and the annul precipitation is lower' (15" to 20"). At the sama
ime rainfall variability and the invasion of dust storms become more intensive.
Land Use
PUBLICY
Both regions are chiefly agricultural. As a result of their margina climate, crop failures and famines are frequent. Though the emphasis on various minor crops may differ from place to place, the major crop is wheat which is favoured by the temperate climate. In the drier parts. kaoliang and millet are grown, Cotton, soya beans, tobacco and peanuts are the industrial crops.
60% of the North China Flain is devoted to intensive agriculture. 40% of these cultivable. acreages yield two crops a year. But cultivated land in the Loess Plateau amounts only to 20% of the area. This is led to by the porous, though potentially fertile, lõess which need large quantities of irrigation water, and the Inhospitable semi-desert conditions existing in the northern part of the Loess Plateau which actually lies on the border of the Gobi Desert. Irrigation is difficult except in the hei Valley because the river cuts deeply into the soft loess. and its valley is much lower than the terraced Loess plateau.
Rapid industrial growth Is Witnessed on the North China Plain at Peking, Tientsin and Taiyuan which have already become established as important industrial centres, Varied industries including the processing of food products and the manufacturing of farm implements are
well represented in the chief cities.
•The
northe eastern part of the Plain is rich in coal deposits and iron ore is mined to the north-west of Peking. On the other hand, the Loess Flateau, though very richly entlawed with coal and iron has not yet been developed industrisily on the same scale.
Many of the roads in the Loess Plateau 6 built below the level of the land and people house themselves in caves below ground, level, owing to the softness of the losss soil, This is not the case on the North China Plain where settlements and communication routs are located. on the plain surface.
On the whole, the North China Plain is over-populated and has reached an advanced stage of economic development. The Loess Plateau 19 less densely peopled and not as wall
日二月二十年七六九一曆公年六十五國民中
developed, but owing to the fertile soils, the rich mineral wealth, and the levelness of the land, the future development of this area is promising.
7. Make a regional study of Sinkiang.
helief and Urainage
Sinkiang is bordered by the Altai on its north- east and the Kunlun and the Altyn Tagh on its south. It is separated into two basins by the Tien Shan fi. the middle; the Dzungarian Basin in the north and the Tarim Basin in the south. Much of the Tarim Basin Ites at an average height of 3000 above sea- level whereas the Dzungarian Basin is much lower in. altitude, below 1500 high. However, inside the Turim Basin lies the Turfan Depression which is 940 feet below sea-level. In the centre of the Tarım is the Takla Makan, one of the driest deserts in the world. The snow-capped Tien Shan divide runs from west to east, and rises over 12,000 feet above sea-level:
This is mainly an inland drainage area. Melting snows on the surrounding mountains provide valuable water for numerous streams but most of these do not get very far before they become dried up through evaporation or tapped for irrigation. These streams end up in sålt lakas known as nors, The Tarim River is the largest inland draining river in China and it ends at the Lop Nor.
Climate and vegetation
This region has a continental climate since it is situated in the heart of a continent and surrounded by high mountains, Temperatures are extreme, giving rise to great annual range (Jan. average: 08 July average: 75°F) as well as great diurn-“ range (noon temperature: 100°F, night temperature. 50°F) It is very dry, the annual rainfall being under 10 inches. The rainfall is a bit heavier in the Dzungarian Basin which fa not so completely enclosed like the Tarim,
There is little vegetation except poor steppes in the wetter parts of the Dzungarian Basin, and coniferous trees at high altitudes. Semi-desert and desert conditions prevail in all other places save the oases.
Utilitzation
Sinkiang is one of the most sparsely populated arese in China. It is a rather backward region which supports a population of only about 5 million (en average density of less than 10 persons/sq. mile).
Cultivation is carried out in oases around the edge of the Tarim Basin where water to irrigate the crops can be obtained from the mountain foothills through underground käres. But the majority of farmers practise dry-farming. When the snow-fed streams dry up, they move their homes and search for hew streams. The chief crops are wheat, maize. kaoliang and barley, Cotton is also grown 11. Southern Sinkiang, while the Turfan Oasis is famous for its raisins and other dried fruits.
Nomadism is more important than agriculture in the Dzungarian Basin. Sheep, cattle, goats, horses and camels are reared on the mountain slopes where there is sufficient grass:
Deposits of coal, iron ore and other minerals, have been located near Urumchi and Turfan. The discovery of old at Karama and Wusu in the Dzungarian Basin has given Sinklang a more significant economical status in the industrial development of chaos oil is sent to industri luta and Shanghai for refining. Industries have not ret. been seriously developed in Sinkiang although Urumchi, being the capital of Sinkiane, has cotton mills and cement works,
A railway connects Urunchi with lanehow and is to be extended north-westwards into the U.S.S.R.. via the Dzungarian Gap, A highway runs between Drunchi and Lhasa, the capital of Tibet.
Questions for next week
SINKIANG
BASIN
MONGOLIA
NOA
8. Writa notes on (a) The Basin of Szechwan'
(b) Canton
TACK
Industrial Development in Manchuria
Discuss the impact of
(a) the hilly nature of Japan on land use, (b) the ocean currents of Janan en