1) The Munich Pact and the Sacrifice of Czechoslovakia:-
In 1938, Hitler started his aggressive plot, by sending troops into Austria. Britain, France and the league of Nations protested against this action, but the people of Austria wire asked to vote whether they wished to b included ta the German Reich or not, and as there was a very large majority for inclusion, it seemed that nothing else could be done in the matter.
贯二第張大
日五十月四年乙
WAH KIU YAT POR
賴
華僑教育
九六
如考試題 預習專欄
歷史科
(十三) 黃文謙、
ULSEUM (25)
by Mr.Wong man Hymn
163) What were the actions of the aggressors which led us to
the outbreak of the World War 117
Ins 1 dananese #11itary Victatorship and "Actions*~
entra autumn' or 1931, the vapanese militarists ordered their troops to occupy Manchuria of China. Withint a short time, the entire region was overrii and the Chinese troops were crushed. Manchuria was then declared "Independent." under the new name of "Manchuku's". Patriotic Chinese sought to bring pressure on Japan by boycotting Japanese goods, ships end banks. Japan replied by ordering her warships to shell Shanghai and sending soldiers to occupy the city. Chiang- Kai-Shek's troops resisted fiercely but unsucessfully, and the Chinese had to panise to end the boycott before Japan would withdraw her troops from Shanghai.
The Japanese rulers, inspired by their conquests, made plang to: bring all China under their domination. In duly, 1937 the Japanese armies marched into the city of Lokauchiu near Peining. Since these troops met with stiff Chinese read stance tre powerful japanese navy was employed to land, margines and troops at Shanghai. After great losses on both sides. Shanghai was captured and a large army was dispatched north-. ward to join the other armies coming toward the south After this successful operation, the Japanese proceeded to capture Wanking, Hankow, and almost all the key points of Northern
miria. In the South, they seized the great city of Capton,
Chdang Kai-Shek's government, which had moved up the. tangthe River to Hankow, now fled further inland to Chur)g- king where they stood firmly until the surrender of the Japanese dii注如iatm La Animate, TQLR -
(2) Italy's Concrests on Ethiopia and Albania:-
· 186 SE SZÓNELOVÉZzen GamalsTE-
There can be no doubt that the failure of the League ormations to halt Japan's aggression in the Far East encouraged other ambitions dictatorships to undertake similar aggressions elsewhere. Indeed, Fascist Italy was only following the Japanese example when her armies. invaded the East African empire of Ethiopia, another member of this League, in 1935 In this case, Great Britain seconded Ethiopia's appeal for assistance, largely because a successful Italian conquest would menace, the British life line in India via the Suez canal. On Britain's persuasion, the League Imposed Economic sanctions against. Italy. League' members re- fused to sell.munitions and a few other products. to. Italy obtained from Germany who was no more the member of the League. Italy obtained from Germany who was no more' the member of the League It was the beginning. of friendship and close co-operation between these two, countries. It also marked a further weakening of the League by the angry withdrawal of Italy from it and Inasmuch as the remaining League members could not agree to make outright war on Italy in defense. of Ethninia Italy went ahead with her imperialistic enterprise and Experienced no great difficulties in connuering the -whole or Abyssinia..
[hìm Saimire of. Albania:
Mussolini, being inspired by his conquest on Abyssinza and the easy success of Hitler's occupation of Austria and Czechoslovakia, dispatched Italian armies across the Adriatic Sea into Albania, where they overcame native resistance, blotted out the little country's indepen- dence, and thus enabled Mussolind to armex Albania La Italy.
{3} Germany's Aggressionsį“.
將手絡合員
茶談告
Attack on the knifelanda
Nazi Germany was emboldened by Italy's" break with Great Britain, France, and the League to take a decisive stev foreard in her own program of war preparedness and forceful expansion, arch, 1936, German toops marched into the demilitarized Rhineland region and be gan transforming it into a fortified zone, behind which Germany could more securely build up her military machine.. This action was an open vollation of the Peace of Parie and likewise of the Locarno, treaties. It was also 3. clear defying of the League of Nations. Yet so great
as the pacifist sentiment among League members, and so reluctant were Great Britain, France, and Russia to to to war with Germany, that only. the mi Ideat and mose polite protests were made against the highhanded Nazi action. In July of the same year the League acknowledged. its fian failure in the Ethoipian affair by officially
Lifting the sanctions imposed on Italy.
學英聯共與會告之爲和以前
代辦學號,波爾溪,在學留大天
『一,女襖會飲
茶生美洲
*小民子門架十會在瑞留辦
汕,學正,所下場 健美
【交林院,中浩
置及殘,俾多
波西龜學正音十行。,時短若將土深瑊會有
圖次將遇優惣的
為憑在君良校
馮。燕的欲
比波兒干此學法進相學
君英飾
The fact that he had successful encouraged Hitler wo solve the minority problem in Czechoslovakiano The German Leader incited the Sudeten Gesmans to defy their Government, and he got ready to march to theirescue, seemed as if Czechoslovakia would be overrun. Ag. Frarice had guaranteed the frontiers of the country. a major war seeded possible.
Trying to appease vermany, a rour cower conference was called at. Munich in September 1938. To this the British Prime Minister, Neville Chamberlain, went by air. At Minich he met Hitler, Mussolini and Daladier, the Prime Minister of France. In this Fact, Great Britain and France made a last despairing effort to preserve general peace by a "final appeasing" of Hitler and his aggressiva Nai Germany. Hitler had announced that, ir. Germany could annex the Sudeten District of Czechoslovakia, it would be "Absolutely my last territorial demand in
Europe". Accordingly, in that pact, Great Britain and. France agreed with Germany and Italy that those part of Cechoslovakia which were inhabited by German «. should be ceded ta Germany.
But the partial sacrifice of Czechoslovakia, by the
munich Pact was not the last of Hitler's demands; Knowing.
that the armed forces of Germany were now greatly superior
to those of any other country and believing that the
other Great Powers would not or could not unite against him, Hitler grew rapidly more anblous and threatening..
In March, 1939, he seized Prague, the capital of Czechoslovakia, and arranged for the complete partition of that unhappy republic. The Czechs were subject to ̇w direct' German rule, and the Slovakg were put under B
German protectorate. In the same month Nazi Germany. de knoj led Lithuanis, by force, of the town of Memel.
3ritain and France had by this. time seen that the unich Agreement was not worth the paper on which it was written.
Tu It is said that the search of allies was the overture or
the World War II. rive fanta as to support this statement.
ana(as perlan-nome-Tokyo ALB
There was no limit to the amount of appeasement" which Germany and Italy were prenared to demand as the price of
In the guise of an alliance against Communism, they "peace.
joined with Japan to form the Berlin-Home-Tokyo Axis. While While the eastern panther, Japan, moved farther into Chinese, territory, the German secured Italian consent to their plan? for the seizure of Austria and Czechoslovakia. Italy also annexed the small country of Albania on the Adriatic coast." This Berlin-Rome-Tokyo Axis soon became a menace to the word peace and secur立意!
(2) British Efforts for Alliance
By the early summer of 1939, it was obvious even to the peace-loving governments of Great Britain and France that the policy of appeasement failed utterly that the League ori Nations was broken beyound repair, and that the only way to halt immundalistic aggression of the Axis in Europe and elsew wahere in the world was to go to war over the verenext treaty violation. But neither France nor Great Britain was nearly so well-prepared for war was was Germany, and even the tvia together might not be a match for Germany and Italy combined Henge in the summer of 1913-began à feverish search for alliema Great Britain also signed treaties of mutual assistance with Poland and Rumania, both of whom feared German attacks, and with Greece, who feared an Italian attack. Then as Germany made sarlike demands on Poland regarding Danzin and the Polish Corridor, Great Britain and France anxiously he sought Comminist Russia to join them in a still wider defensive alliance. which, very possibly could block Germany and Italy.
13) The Russo-German Fact:
But Germany was 4 easy gutbliging Preat Britain and France For tussia and The Commenter dictatorship in Russia was probably afraid of Germany's military strength and of Hitler s threats against the Ukraine, and it saw in an arrangement with Hitler a favourable opportunity not only a stave off any. Immediate danger of itself, but also to expand its own- imperialistic sway by sharing in a new parititon of Poland. Therefore, it was as ominious: to the Passific Western Powere as it was encouraging to aggressive Germany to learn in August, 1939, that the supposed deadly enemies-- Hitler. the Nazi dictator, and Stalin the Communist dictator - had made and signed a Non-Aggression Pact, binding themselves not to attack each other for a period of ten years, By a supplementary agreement, Russia promised to furnish Germany with all possible supplies. And there was doubtless a secret arrangment between them about Poland and the Baltic states, No wonder there was intense rejoicing at Berlin. Communiaž Russia would not heln the westerm democracies against an antocratic Germiriay, as Czarist Russia had helped them.back v. 1914. If Germany now fought, she would not have to have to fight Great Powers simultaneously on two front's an easters 19 well as a western front.
HILLET
of Fortified by the Russowerman won-Aggression Fact promptly Intensified his abuse of the Polish republie and insisted that it Lpmediately break its alliance with Great Baiduw ain. and consent to German pcapabion of Danzig and a strin
of land: across the Polish Corridor, In vain the Polish government offered to negotiate, On September 1st, 1939av five o'clock in the morning, masses of German troons and tankw and planes thundered acboss the frontier into Poland. Poland called upon Great Britain to fulfil her obligations under their mutual alliarice; arid on 3rd, September, Great Britain ana her.mador ally, France being finally convinced that they could no longer appease Hitler, delcared war on Germany. It was the
beginning of the Second World War.
塔世
一、徐松石、梁志、
澤、鄭澤、黃永蹈 、
林子豐博士飛美
出席世界浸聯會大會並接受 史塔森及貝勒大學博士學位
·潮州商會3潮州公
院校長及培正中學校 及外正同學會愛雙母 南海信會治會。計為「鐵」
、邓羲轉、邵照三、
瑞大施、林難、陳光育當為考體檢業行董舉行開到一種,
竽實,此、李准
、杜照魚、彭、
【陳炳皙頒獎。八》
台際經局酒席開期及泡燈泡草息
。權分李遞會本五行見有傑
日皮求事採便險保
奠基典造
交後,已將各方
林興韓、魏伯民,康 常見乘熱蕤租,被圍 《特例》龙雅清
隰、林思齊、林近 你購、黃本罪、林思
爐正赚召星超橱方之
·加選除學校專华
教教次所年推成會魟
師師過聲 進立福雙
井阻作華會 席監理送
經委中火
【饿事會官
進魚
月你幕 道歉*國光遞成
牧
小中 銀於下辦
,貝光體
,客機赴美,行前袜棉 與类國大學、國迄今,爲期三年資推進,并經決定於一餐熱隔。 車程信博士及訓導生之浸會學院及六千上的實驗館 教師利基金,為本月廿三日下午三時樂
搭英國海外航空公司 中學近況。八四將 是到光昇等一行,乘多名發生之港澳州正 茯系哥夫茲、何娜斯
二號仁信英文铧院,
蓋面談話,原文如後品業交易與若干國 捌、楊崇禎、林藻勇 長冚中冠合作後,第 士在機場對記者發表 法,浸會學院之 姬、黃慶英、歐陽毆 安楣棷体校 每名 道英文中學,位於究 ,消去秋由易通英寡年在九月份內,啟,該實現艾與萬年
赴美,大約有四陞任院之畢業生,可直進
萬泰蜜增
日至卅日在涅阿學 學生家長可減少若千 行,屆時余將以世界百大之衰报及蕭短區 再獲全校第一名 會大會,定六月卝五位。此項進行,將此 香港留澳藥 劑學生 召開之世界浸信會辦,將取碩士及博士裝 君糖、巫傑、麥希爾 强開道歉務人員,並擬就在印刷中,13 務:(一)五年一起 美國大學研究院辯證 北角衛理小 “孕”等之。考文憑有學、李炎玲、于中一收生人數日,該校除皺利基金,有始招收新生,於秋
i. 决定在今「十五日下午三時,在 出版之「歌育政策白皮斫」有所研究 【新新社〕香港教師會爲對榮近
教師會今日討論
敎育白皮書
以養討翁,將薄具英站招待云• 共意見,在今日座談會上代表提出 ,將單位聯絡員將各該單位會魚所提 發,獲得機會,互相交換意見。所以 現任教師會員,對此一教育臣策白皮 會,將琦合各單位(一撈單位)之
·良深受讚譽
各項目祾艾鯤到最高標準。..
·來維及學校方面的獎學金。
石爲馬张良在獄中
各會員學校校長聘知 印制完畢,便可發
「協助,現已成爲一
辦酒會舉辦之北角陳小
增建校舍兩間
學習與境。下學期新
,現關
報名:灣
【校上下課時,除.
曾行分組點外曾梁作
女間勃之生氣,
吳校長以學在與外
,繁使瓌于身心活潑
講,然活之踝縣
之助数及雅學英嗽,
一時歌已匆串初年氏票瑪
硬中除校爲女並,增心監,英鍋 旅書
一第消尙
頁四息有
首交必。一餐由高,跟飛行交
張刊载
第在育
須食促天小由副校將雞
習工製頂質
及工础用,於,在
·蜜婚,旅人北
例若助懒数谴術小公
运
日五十肖五年五六九一間公年四中五國民革中
育教價
1965中文中華會
話題預習專欄
歷史科
(廿三)
·何炳女
上期刊出就二世界史假設命題(二)第一次預裔試蛋,解答如下: 甲跚:2,籣溺英法解軍之役及所訂條約(兩次)內容
中英京(江蹴)錄約(一八四二)訂立後兩年,中美望夏村條約、中法黃埔條約(一八四区 →相繼夠打。後者規定每十二年改約一次,即南京條約難是萬年和約,但有關通商附期,六十二年 約一次•到威政大年(公元一八五六年),满庭深恐擴大通商範圍,故電不願收約。而英法 正欲以戰争達到目的,病有下述的事發生,於是爆發英法聯軍之役
1. 浙西西林烯鄉尿愁烈法國傳教士
2.EARROW號船由香港駛往嚴州與廣東水師發生衝
.於是英兵攻廣州,葉名深花不為修+城陷被俘。成型八年,聯軍北上,陪大活炮合。清不 得曰,派桂真、花沙納赴天津影和,訂立天津快
三中奕天津縣約五十六欸,中法十二次,內容大體相同,要點如下:
1.開牛莊、泰州、台灣、湖州、玻州与地震商埠。又太平天國不定後,在長江再攡三地審, 許英船在內河航行。
2.英法兩國僑民訴訟事件由各該國館辦理。
3.赌償英法啦。
4.減低松
5.許英法敦士、人民在中國境內自由作愛、旅行、
竹約後,聯軍退兵,清則憶約,伤防大沽炮台,英軍艦來京換約(批准賽)時,大活炮合 完然開炮繫,英法敗迫,於是上下勝斩,以篇「二十年未有之大捷也」。咸豐十年(公元一八六
○年)夏,英法聯軍再至,登陸北塘,陷天津、北京,於圓明國。玄宗然河,浑奕訴與兩舖防北 京條約,要點如下:
1.天津條約續有效。
2.增開天津爲址。
3.租借九陀半岛一部份與英 -
4.堆加英陪。
5.二十一條件包括搭?健因何答 ?
日俄撥後(一九四),日本在我國取得不少俄國的簽,但意從未足,民國三年(公元 一九一四年),無線發,中國初守中立,日本則於八月業實戰,派艦隊對銘德國向教租借之胸
·州慨,並從租借地以外之龍口登陸,退墾有路德軍。十一月,佔領膠濟鐵路全錢,讓康出貨, 遼據路。我國應撤兵均應之不理。民國四年一月,党向我提出五號二十一條的要求,
第一號四條要求獨佔山東省茫。
第二號七要求在內長、電瀾的認地位。
第三號兩蟎:要求擁有大冶鐵罐及合舆冶公司。
第四號一條:疾來中國不劑跟或須借沿海港灣、島嶼與國 • 第五號七條:中國中央政府聘日人爲顏問。
2.在中國內地,日人所辦醫院、學校、簡宇有土地權,稱「內地雜居』
3.重要城市市政,中日合辦。
4.兩大廠中日合
5.在中國內地,日人可自由佈發
6.洲建省內鐵路、工廠、船廠的建管,港口建設,要得日本同意,
7.就解南昌至滿洲之路建設,日本有特殊權利。
二十一條件,内容刻,鵷中國爲殖民地。當時欲让魏正細謀帝制,港人從中破壞,酸 多解忍,交沙同時。五月七日,日向袁氏提出最後通牒,經四十八小時內答。五月九日(國紀 念日),除第五號警後協商外,其氏皆同益金字、
·乙雒21.槪冰十八世紀以後,英國股范民地的手段。
從十八仙紀以後百年間,英國海外難民專業擴展穩速,其所用手段,可以歸納如下:
1.在防注重的略:利用當地人力、物力、資源、市場,轉化爲本身所用,實行步數有三:甲
* 建立貿易擗毀,有接筚掘。
乙、選擇沿岸爐當地區,利用當地人力推行殖民。
內,佔領軍事要地以掩護、保障商業殖民地區。
2.簡宗锋演政治進攻:英向海外民,常以展貿易為開端,李少以貿易來掩。從商奖的活 ̇動術取得特懼,取得眾序閣待遇,取得經濟的投資。再強國政治象。無不成,則軍進攻。
3.由點到面的搖:憑海軍的活動,建立據點,然缺:甲、錄約的解釋按實力階定。 乙、以旣成之審實取得合法的永腿口
4.用分化友滲透的裝略:製造、活動、利用當地政府內部的矛盾,隔間地方與中央。 英國遠用上壓殖民的手段,雖然在公元一七八三年喪失北美後大殖民地,但在印期, 、澳洲、遠東及其仙方面,都有極重要的土地和權利政變,使不列顛成爲一個大蘿民帝國。
3.印度大阪梯後,防生謹麼後果?
·印門爆發大叛與之後,影响英國對統治印度之態度,後果如下:1
1.東印度公司結果:公元一八五七年八月二日,英國國會通過英印政府法,接當公司 最後一次召開,我决将東印度公司所有的權力,財法給英王。
2.印與滅亡公元一八五八年十一月一日,坎家代表英王下詔,內容如下:
品利用大的一所有中國在印土地,人民必須效忠,官員必須要命。 名、印度各土與東印躞公司所訂條約,權利義務線生效、 再令國不再在把保樂力,亦不允別國染指•
了(西斯名十王王宫的權力與地位。
·巴、尊重人民宗故信仰自由與風俗習慣。 廣弦後工率,需求改善人生活。
樂,以盡VICEORY篮駐自長領袖,坎家爲第一任電機
4.英民族與利安民族問之仇恨。經此次暴動後,永遠無法跟補,此種民族意質,使甘VE MA HANDAS K. GANDHI 領導之民族運動,雖得成功。
丙組:3工求台,引起社會跳班的變動,爲適順新飛境的軸距曬邀而生,誠齡發之。
工業革命後,強生下隕落的現象:
甲、人口台村移往城市。
乙、大奇不家出現。
·門、苦苦懸殊,勞動階數生活困苦。
丁、這榮水準日趨低落——登高、聯凞、猴開心懷網加
戊、兒童先抖、工作過度,袞育除。
於涉爆蠔跑道社社會的、經濟的大轉變的學長應運而生,能介如下:
「明,斯·胝當ADAM SITHM:張「國富論THE WEALTH OF NATIONS (H
→體放義從法國帶回英國,與資本家的間問念結合,還生所謂「自由經濟ECONOMIC LI BERTV (經濟自由)』的理論。
乙、馬爾薩斯MALTHUST人口諭ANE ASSY ON THE PRINCEPLE OF POPULAT [ON」,以爲世界粮食以算術級數增加,人口却以幾何級數增加。提出「入生時不能從其案區得 *生活資料,而社會又不常要其勞動,則他任消耗小部份之謎食亦無權利。」
丙、李羅FRICARDO提出「工資評傘」,以為工人工资若超過生活所需,則生育必多,隨之 劳工人多,“工资必然下降,於是生活苦而生育少,隨之工人少面工資上漲。如此往復秀型,是鐵 的事豐。
丁、出人患立案,想回門和英人歐交提倡烏托邦社會主装UTOPIAN SOCIALISM,主張用 和平續化方法,無资本家族私有財件,使勞資得利,建設現極社會 #
戊、馬克斯社會主義,倡唯物史觀,創剩餘價值與階級鬥爭理論,以各所能,各取所需到淫 己、國家社會主按STATE SOCIALISM,以國家權力調和和勞資衝突。如紐西蘭NEW ZE: ALAND大部份將與核案由國家經營,工人待遇流,工作時間合理,大部份土地鑑國家所有,狀。 個租與人民。此外勞工立法亦名。
本期預習下列試題,
甲組:1、伺詽馬加樂?個合條約內容如何? 4.國池東東百日維新的內容。又因何失敗? 乙组:6.训部控頓从哲要採用無挑的理齡。 7.哈密爾敏及馬歇爾斷期美國政府有何功能? 丙組:3.工業革命後,在學業教育上引起抽密後果?
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專上學院學生,有一個活 校等之東門舉茨。但本港之 外,尚有工業專門學院及刚 師,葛師,柏的蕑範璷 其餘爲私立的大專學院,此