一九六四年度
第四
日十初月正年辰甲寡
銷文中學會考試題預習專欄
華僑日報與中會考試題研究委員會主編
(七)
[THE HONG KONG SCHOOL CERTIFICATE” SXAMINATIONÌ
WORLD HISTORY
¡Answers for Test VI:-
1. Describe the parts played by each of the following in
bringing about social changes: Louis Blanc; Karl Marx;
Keir Hardie.
(a) Louis Blanc was a French politician and historian) When he was young, he studied law in Paris, living in poverty, and became a contributor to various journals.
Hia 939, the principles he laid down formed the
(lished in
essay "L'Organisation du travail" was pub-)
key to his political career. He attributed all the evils
that afflict society to the pressure of competition, where- by the waaker were driven to the wall. He demanded the equalization of wages and the merging of personal interests in the common good. This was to be effected by the estab=- 11shment of social workshops, a sort of combined co-operw ative society and trade union, where the workmen in each j trade union were to unite their efforts for their common benefit.
On Louis' motion when he was elected a member of the' provisionsl government, the government undertook to
guarantee the livelihood of the workers by work and though) his demand for the establishment of a ministry of labour was refused, he was authorised to call together an assembly of Paris workers' delegates, to prepare a plan for the per-. manent elimination of unemployment. This body became an arbiter in trade disputes and a centre of socialist 'propaganda. However, the alarm of the employing class wany
intense and he was not re-elected on the next meeting.
Although he failed in the end, his social ideas have i had a great influence on the development of socialism in France,
(b) Karl Marx was a German socialist and philosopher, and head of the International Working Men's Association. He was a law student at first, then history and philosophy? Although be was one of the editors or a paper where some socialist doctrines appeared, though not accepting these ideas, he refusçà' to criticize them until he had studied' the question thoroughly. He went to France to study the question in 1843 where the socialist movement in Par
Paris was at its zenith. He soon had the idea, but in contradia tinction to most of the socialist of the day, be laid stress upon the political struggle as the lever of socia emencipation. He
have a good time because most
of the socialists were tri favour of Bauer family, &
school of thought, not until he published the first volume of his famous book, "Das Capital."
The
hto nootrinting point of Mary' a theory of socialism 1 clue!
to the two.doctrines chiefly associated with his name, the materialist conception of history and the theory of surplus value. The former of these, though it underlay all his thinking, is nowhere systematically expounded in? his books. The latter is the main theme of his chief work, w "Das Capital", in which he condemned capitalism. In essence, Marx, contended that there exist in any society, certain material forces of production and a certain knowledge of their use in man's service.
Although Marx's socialist” ideas may be difficult to understand, yet his work had laid great influence to the socialist countries today, especiaÏly those. of Communism. (o) Keir Hardie was a British Labour leader. His early (life was one of great hardship and was employed in the
aines from the age of ten.
He was originally a Liberal in politics." In 1887, bạ (started a paper with some friends and later the "Labour Leader", the first socialist paper in western Scotland.
In 1888, he entered politics as an "Independent labour" candidate. He was largely, responsible for the foundation 'of the Scattieb
Labour Party (I our Party in 1888 and the Independent
in
first great triumph
came in 1899 when the Trade Union congress was induced to authorize the formation of labour representation leommittee in conjunction with the I.L.P. and other social
let bodies. Socialiet labour candidates wore for the firet】 time ran systematically at the ensuming election.
During the years before World War I, he had ag chier tasks like firstly, the persuading of the Liberal trade
on the socialist)
union representatives to use further by public.
path; secondly, the extension ipropaganda outeide.
Although he was severely criticised by the Social- Democrats, there was no doubt of his success, as chief -- propagandist for the I.L.P.. in spreading socialist teneta
n n every manufacturing and mining district. Until, in 1914. there was scarcely a.big industrial town in which there was not a powerful and active I.L.P. or other socialist, dranch.
2.The Father of English Soolalian". How far is this
epitaph justified for Robert Owen?
"The Father of English Socialism". This epitaph 19 well justified in regard to Robert Owen.
Owen was a man whose ideas have been influential in the British working
tine. What was remar88 movement ever since his life-.
about him lay in his criticisms
of the industrial systém under which he had made his fortune and in the varied ways in which he tried to establish a different system, He came to believe that men aze I
made by their environment, by the sort of surroundings in which they grew up; as he put it, wan's character is made for, and not by him." "Give a child good conditions of upbring. ing, and he will have every chance of becoming a good citizen."
at
He was a reformer first in the kind of conditions whicb' he created in his own factory at New Lanark. There he became a model employer. He paid high wages; he to employ children under ten. At which most the cafused that time took them at seven or even younger. He provider schools for the children of his employees, and he built houses with good sanitation; and he opened stores where his work-people could buy. goods at low prices.
But Owen was not merely a model employer. He wanted to find some new basis for society which should be better than the existing system of competition----competition between manufacturers for markets and between workers for work. He turned to co-operation instead, and many co-operaw ative movements grew up to Owenite principles. Although his ballefe were scorned by the Upper and Middle-classes because he rejected the yet he had won consider capitalist organisation of industry
support among working people.
There was nothing moderate about Owen's plans. They led to the creation of a giantio trade union to include workers of every, kind--- miners, farm labourers, bakers, sweepers, 808-e, etc. With the view of knitting all the Bentional
together into one organisation. he.
WAH KIU YAT PO
日
儲
六期
日二廿月二年六九一曆公年三十五國民中
二張三第
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切不報-梅,米侧 月十日下午二降十分 面 女學生而解開 脚法示:貼
一 意譪解决。後承祁,有三名十餘歲大學 鉦?蕹蕥宓處有刺處 但門爲止,彼尚未有 谷來會會。魯樂去
誔镜等亥热行藏
葛量洪、柏立基兩師範
考
葛師一七八零名
名
公
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均定本月二十九日上午開考 柏師二六四
熅)姚希甏陆會長、吳允石營半會長
影依转置,到監 事 :西四一六二六; 1、袁天嶽、文壯
頂期笩鉷,鬱話:科仁舊生會舉行會
|英、周滢、奕澤會: 「伏、陸、蓄館 恐漭,可向下列 楊宮、李希舌、 发条 彤、李守駹、麥潤澤津香糖數十個, 永芳、根彩控、作 節慶富,有幸 、陳決雨、張丹、郡 天一份,有游时 、鄒鄉苦、龔仁、斜,價迎會員及其 三五八五七言
十四名爲運。正監 五十四號四樓,電髙等概友洽云。 哭做成:有三里出席 〔】
梁建:卓廷六11月11日下午七時在
李樹 •永樂
已雅面會來潁時
理監事就職禮 春節聯歡餐
本屆正副理事長篇 李澤明、袁國煒。
。
灣仔英
十九日八正月十七日 聯歡凳,定本月11 就職典藏及回A灣節 【嗨) 溪鮨圆]十二人爲務理事
「源、酃光、邵榭銓 子忠。(琳) 「若群、梁端和、蔥 陳崇禮、花、
樓舉行。是少七時半
留加同學會
調景嶺鳴遠中學
線主持群粱致, 唐莲民政務司褭嫜
選出新職員|
韓原則,並請大成 有幸 抽獎, 班,體或變園歡 中學體育主任附覦光|
大各大學留學的學生。(帶) 大移民局合作,澤湖本 有意到加 做五位。本年度主要工作,含五加 [,馬縣,王炳良,與順升及评北 管關際爛夾人,而實習科委員太下
四年會過大會,已於日昨在害葉文 衡器具行荀發生,閻會長梁茶求, 及緻餐外,下調職度同學選出下: ,會中除病會沉衆乾賀他去年活銷 酒大酒之舉行,預會參與店 〔特】香港留加团 一九六
吳元苟醫生任穹 長
部主任姓名列言: 第十二届理監蔠各 (六四至六五年度) 以甜。暨會 九二),融領斃案, 該會書記(八四〇五 而現居理監事茑知 加者,隨於事四月 演奏,同學及想发 、艾葳日發軟的
嫦、財濊主任料为
衆車長作護期、 灣仔書院同學會 籌開春節聯歡會
、羅莫陌仁、總務主
任麥杰平、韌伍出過
〔攤賀新辦,定三月八
系代
系主任呂京惠,經濟「謝畔、蔡光、邵 宗永任余北, 侯、陳本、陳榕、 系主任陳湘,英文、梁、馮康
以立君認爲
教師設職責津貼
將導致流弊百出
孔聖堂昨召開
—漢、李文薈、李
·沈、馮健文
當局參考 提出五項意見 供有關
|浩忠
工程及一切有關問題,帕應該决避過 ,在滿 逋 到該常行第六次會 ,由主席許讓成主持,商討關於校舍 會,昨二二十一)日下午四時三十分 (特)孔聖堂第七甬常務茲巫
建築新校事宜 渢過四項建議 推進
常務董事會議
㫻,方潤華四位角實與新社公司 一、公桦 劉成、寢撰文、熊
LING COM。 KELSHEEK.K.PI
守黨戶口。
,亦皆你洪之士,各一
梗,你揚,盧家 以作育八時,服社 又談會理會定科目至多,阮的愛深
行購單向文 日開學上課,該院向 爲旨,所銷 教育司乃雞火婦入教育司嗑,激師會會長來 杳灤教師會同人畿酒會歡過教育司梅露險,圖左將新任 (本報記選攝)
爲校常務委員*【東 囧、加璁本堂財務健主任李立 三、建校委股會向銀行開立
深,風漢明、何新卓庭良、鍾嘉偉、遺
,附小四年級萃。〔) 沙、邵月華、黃財華、蹲、全
周少葵、梁以斌、體操、啊、附小】 ※凡、黃子郜、傲君、鄺道明、綿 ,易於營。附小五年張驗,玲、恐 吳昇,備取少軒、蒸錦珍、貴揆、 中一張永、成、、豐、陳偉民 莫爾華、楊性標: 月娟、李媽陵、酸
各級新生名名监、薏淦全、
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【鳴中學五十二年度 諍交、余湯傑、雪糕 〔特訊】調景嶺 文鼎獎、伍爲民、道
取錄新生名單
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「院,太學期總於十八 【特訊】德照刨 本月十八開課
爲此,在正義感的無策下,我就上下列覓,作爲有
的「幾樽」昴會於此時戰存宾的。 標目薄,把校長激布袋,因部分校長不大理事,而得能手 人的。),而控自拉評位,不分好歹,倒過的。遺甜再生 ,我在體泄拱照,其中部分校務主任(其相當職鞀也會 經文中提及別媁財會粉少校料及其他更高獭位人士所把持 誠然,在此時此地,不公平的人事制縻及使人反感的, 從 總希望,獲得這貼,而他們确鬃値舻受的。 -十一人而翁取此津貼,我懷疑其中有多少位教師 惝不是個取津阽都是在網槨公平和林無誤觑 下而崇牛,但是在十二位就十二位敦師以上中選 牾性的类任而心流弊,满是否開智呢?同時,卽 縱和把持•這些「維貼」喪國不公正和不論新可 寃貼」一期,別解釋,意味深長。該文 「這些律睛會給少數的桉夢及其他更高職位人士操 翻盤報一段共價憤之計論,尤其基有關「 胡各年 【釋謂二月十八日教育版刊出之簡瀕裁灣來面 學期六
一局的一種參考國備忘
(一)負別職務具怪良的颺,這微涼也頗合
|而弳按醤多些名額,以作斷? (四)這種特別津貼〔通常基四百元可否灣少到二百元
之服務年資才門具資格被委仟議 (一)負賨转別職務者很具特別才辦與經驗及規定無附
作之組錄,帶骨有沒有發「閂財』的暴發戶。 (三)爲公平與合理見,當局須小心關全部漵師年工
一九六三年末季
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問訪月
·十九八七六 五四三
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二十九
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【際學生活動,此項十五
「經舉辦一項「距洲大三十
「華生問美國」之國三十四
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,被邀參加此項活
學生會副主席郭有 港中文大學酢合院三十九
|四十
,將於今一廿二)於
|四十二
|四十
國 郭氏抵樂之後,
|四十四
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|四十五
陳梅君
花,共同參 |將與其他亞洲學生發
四十六
中小學額燴萬餘
|四十七
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大學之學生國 一跳,如:考察費國
四十六
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[四十九
間中無之報
五十
【五十一
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中學有二 + 一六個。 此等新鞋改建之校舍,小學共有報類人,二八〇,
&能-
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五十八
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學額增泬六百個(撒)
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邵年六十 改寳芳一七十九 阿莉第七十八
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formed "The Grand National Consolidated Trades Union" (G.N.
0.7.0.) in 1833. For a time, it proved to be very success. ful. Owen envisaged the surrender c
up a new co-oper ated system throughout. The employers resisted firmly and atrikes followed.
the owners to the workers who would all industries by
The whole thing collapsed, such a wide scheme as the G.N.C.T.U, was inpracticable in the 1830s, when the maje ority of the workers were illiterate. Even so, Owen had/
contributed much to the growth of the working class move- ment and sowed the seeds of trade unionism. It was by his ideas and work of English Socianich had won him the title of "Father
Socialism."
Revision Questione for Test VII-The Rise of Humar-]
itarianism. what do you know of Wilberforce and the anti-slaveryľ movement?
2 What were the contributions or the following people
Nto medical science in the 19th century:
(a) Sir James Simpson; (b) Florence Nightingale; and) (a) Doga Later